Type 2 diabetes mellitus

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic, progressive disease driven by a complex interplay of genetic, biological, behavioural and social factors. The epidemiology of T2DM has shifted considerably, largely attributable to increasing obesity rates. Furthermore, T2DM prevalence is increasing in younger people (diagnosis <40 years of age; early-onset T2DM), which is associated with more aggressive disease progression, higher risk factor burden, earlier and more severe complications, and greater lifetime morbidity than later-onset T2DM. T2DM is traditionally associated with a high risk of microvascular and macrovascular complications, although rates of cardiovascular complications have reduced in some high-income countries. Currently, emerging and non-traditional diabetes complications, such as those related to mental health and cognitive function, are being recognized, and people with T2DM increasingly experience multimorbidity and reduced quality of life. Additionally, a growing prevalence of obesity has resulted in high rates of obesity-related complications. Novel therapies and technologies may offer considerable benefit, although socioeconomic disparities may exacerbate barriers to effective prevention and equitable access. The complex nature of T2DM and its comorbidities underscores the urgent need for a person-centred, holistic approach that integrates glucose and weight management with broader attention to comorbidities, 24-h physical behaviours, psychosocial well-being and social determinants of health.