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Seismic interferometry with scattered waves: Stationary-phase analysis of correlation formulations
1Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA and , Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
Physical Review. E
|March 20, 2026
Summary
This study clarifies how seismic interferometry amplitude normalization affects wave analysis. Crosscorrelation accurately reconstructs seismic waves, while deconvolution and crosscoherence introduce unphysical arrivals and reduce scattered wave energy.
Area of Science:
- Geophysics
- Seismology
- Wave Propagation
Background:
- Seismic interferometry is crucial for retrieving inter-receiver Green's functions.
- Practical implementations vary in amplitude normalization techniques.
- Understanding these variations is key to accurate seismic wave analysis.
Purpose of the Study:
- To analyze three correlation formulations: crosscorrelation, deconvolution, and crosscoherence.
- To clarify how different normalization choices impact the retrieval of direct and scattered seismic waves.
- To provide guidance for seismic data processing and interpretation.
Main Methods:
- Stationary-phase approximation to analyze correlation formulations.
- Theoretical analysis of amplitude normalization effects.
- Finite-difference numerical experiment with distributed sources.
Main Results:
- Crosscorrelation successfully reproduces causal and acausal Green's functions.
- Deconvolution and crosscoherence introduce pseudo arrivals unrelated to physical wave propagation.
- Crosscoherence alters direct-wave amplitudes based on scattering.
- Numerical experiments confirm these findings, showing deconvolution and crosscoherence diminish scattered energy.
Conclusions:
- Normalization choices in seismic interferometry significantly impact results.
- Crosscorrelation is a more reliable method for reconstructing both direct and scattered seismic waves.
- Deconvolution and crosscoherence introduce artifacts that require careful consideration during data interpretation and filter design.
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