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The skeletal structure of polymers synthesized via radical polymerization is always branched. For example, the polymerization of ethylene by radical polymerization results in a low-density grade of polyethylene with a heavily branched skeletal structure. Here, the radical site abstracts hydrogen from the growing chain, and the radical site shifts from the end (a primary carbon center) to anywhere within the growing chain (a secondary carbon center). Consequently, the part of the chain from the...
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Chain-growth or addition polymerization is successive addition reactions of monomers with a polymer chain. In radical chain-growth polymerization, the reaction proceeds via a free-radical intermediate. The free radical is formed from radical initiators, which spontaneously generate free radicals by homolytic fission. Organic peroxides (such as dibenzoyl peroxide, as shown in Figure 1) or azo compounds are popular radical initiators. A low concentration ratio of radical initiator to monomer is...
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The radical chain-growth polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination of polymerization. The polymerization initiates when a free radical generated from the radical initiator adds to the unsaturated bond in the monomer. The unpaired electron of the free radical and one π electron in the unsaturated bond creates a σ bond between the free radical and the monomer. As a result, the other π electron in the unsaturated bond converts this species into...
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The straight or branched structure formation of actin filaments is controlled by nucleating proteins such as the formins and Arp2/3 complex. Formin-mediated assembly results in straight filaments, whereas Arp2/3 protein complex-mediated assembly results in branched actin filaments.
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When materials are subjected to forces that surpass their yield strength, they undergo a process known as plastic deformation. This results in a permanent alteration or strain in their structure. This concept can be specifically applied to circular shafts, where the deformation leads to a change in its shape. The precise evaluation of this plastic deformation requires understanding the stress distribution within the circular shaft, which is achieved by calculating the maximum shearing stress in...
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Active chain spirograph: Dynamic patterns formed in extensible chains due to follower activity.

Sattwik Sadhu1, Nitin Kriplani1, Anirban Sain1

  • 1Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Department of Physics, Powai, Mumbai 400 076, India.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Active chains exhibit diverse dynamic patterns due to follower activity. This study reveals intricate circular and helical structures in flexible chains, explained by analytical models.

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Area of Science:

  • Physics
  • Soft Matter Physics
  • Polymer Physics

Background:

  • Active chains and filaments display complex conformational and dynamical states.
  • These states arise from the interplay between chain geometry and local activity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the origin and emergence of dynamic patterns in flexible active chains.
  • To analyze the influence of chain length on emergent dynamical behaviors.

Main Methods:

  • Numerical simulations of flexible active chains in the overdamped limit.
  • Analytical investigation of dynamical patterns in short (N=3) and long (N≫1) chain length limits.

Main Results:

  • Observed diverse steady-state trajectories including circular, periodic wave, and quasiperiodic patterns.
  • Identified 3D structures like globular and supercoiled helices from out-of-plane configurations.
  • Analytical models quantitatively and qualitatively matched simulation results for limiting chain lengths.

Conclusions:

  • Follower activity in flexible chains generates intricate periodic dynamical patterns.
  • Analytical insights explain the emergence of complex trajectories and structures.
  • The study provides a framework for understanding active matter dynamics.