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Thermodynamic Systems01:06

Thermodynamic Systems

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A thermodynamic system is a set of objects whose thermodynamic properties are of interest. The system is considered to be embedded in its surroundings or the environment. The system and its environment can exchange heat and do work on each other through a boundary that separates them. However, the immediate surroundings of the system interact with it directly and therefore have a much stronger influence on its behavior and properties.
Consider an example of  tea boiling in a kettle. The...
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Thermodynamic potentials are state functions that are extremely useful in analyzing a thermodynamic system. They have dimensions of energy. The four important thermodynamic potentials are internal energy, enthalpy, Helmholtz free energy, and Gibbs free energy. These thermodynamic potentials can be expressed using two of the following variables: pressure, volume, temperature, and entropy. These two variables are expressed as the rate of change of the thermodynamic potential with respect to other...
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Consider the two thermodynamic processes involving an ideal gas that are represented by paths AC and ABC in Figure 1:
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Thermodynamic Background01:18

Thermodynamic Background

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The law of mass action states that "the rate of a chemical reaction is directly proportional to the product of the molar concentrations of the reactants." It means that the more 'active mass' or 'concentration' of the reactants present, the faster the reaction will proceed.In a chemical reaction, there are forward and reverse reactions. The forward reaction is the process where the reactants combine to form products. The reverse reaction is the process where the products break down to form the...
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Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics01:14

Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

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Experimentally, if object A is in equilibrium with object B, and object B is in equilibrium with object C, then object A is in equilibrium with object C. That statement of transitivity is called the "zeroth law of thermodynamics." For example, a cold metal block and a hot metal block are both placed on a metal plate at room temperature. Eventually, the cold block and the plate will be in thermal equilibrium. In addition, the hot block and the plate will be in thermal equilibrium.
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In the quest to identify a property that may reliably predict the spontaneity of a process, a promising candidate has been identified: entropy. Processes that involve an increase in entropy of the system (ΔS > 0) are very often spontaneous; however, examples to the contrary are plentiful. By expanding consideration of entropy changes to include the surroundings, a significant conclusion regarding the relation between this property and spontaneity may be reached. In thermodynamic models, the...
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Cooling an Optically Trapped Ultracold Fermi Gas by Periodical Driving
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Thermophoresis in elementary open quantum systems.

Maurício Matos1, Thiago Werlang1, Daniel Valente1,2

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We discovered quantum thermophoresis, where quantum particles move along thermal gradients. This phenomenon is influenced by quantum tunneling and thermal bath properties, opening new avenues for quantum state preparation.

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Area of Science:

  • Quantum physics
  • Condensed matter physics
  • Statistical mechanics

Background:

  • Thermophoresis describes particle movement in response to temperature differences.
  • Quantum mechanics introduces unique behaviors for particles at microscopic scales.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To theoretically explore a quantum mechanical version of thermophoresis.
  • To investigate the role of quantum tunneling and thermal bath properties in this process.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical analysis of a trapped quantum particle in a double-well potential.
  • Derivation of a diffusion equation for an N-site model in the continuum limit (N→∞).

Main Results:

  • A thermophoretic force was identified on a trapped quantum particle.
  • Quantum thermophoresis was demonstrated in an N-site model, with a derived diffusion equation.
  • Distinct quantum thermophoretic signatures were observed in particle transport dynamics.

Conclusions:

  • Single quantum particles exhibit thermally induced transport.
  • Thermal gradients can be utilized for quantum-state preparation.