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Related Concept Videos

The Pituitary Gland01:17

The Pituitary Gland

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The pituitary is a small endocrine organ in the sphenoid bone under the hypothalamus. Primarily, the pituitary in adults has two distinct anatomical and functional regions— the anterior and posterior lobes. During human fetal development, a third pituitary gland region called the pars intermedia atrophies and disappears. However, some of its cells migrate and exist adjacent to the anterior pituitary in adults.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 21, 2026

Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas
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AI at the Sella Turcica: Multi-Model Large Language Model Evaluation in Pituitary Adenomas.

Aynur Aliyeva1,2, Edin Nevzati1,3,4, Fabio Grassia1,3

  • 1Department of Surgery, Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver, CO, USA.

Brain & Spine
|March 20, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Large language models (LLMs) show varied performance in pituitary adenoma management. Claude Opus 4.1 excelled in quality, reasoning, and expert satisfaction, suggesting potential as clinical support tools.

Keywords:
ChatGPT-5Claude opusGeminiLarge language modelNeuroendocrinologyPituitary adenoma

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Area of Science:

  • Artificial Intelligence in Medicine
  • Medical Decision Support Systems
  • Endocrinology and Neurosurgery

Background:

  • Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly explored for clinical decision support.
  • The reliability of LLMs in managing complex conditions like pituitary adenomas requires rigorous evaluation.
  • Existing frameworks for assessing LLM clinical utility are limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the performance of three leading LLMs (ChatGPT-5.0, Claude Opus 4.1, Gemini 2.5 Flash) in pituitary adenoma management.
  • To assess informational quality, clinical reasoning, and expert satisfaction with LLM outputs.
  • To determine differences in LLM performance across various clinical scenarios.

Main Methods:

  • A prospective comparative study utilized a standardized prompt set for LLMs covering diverse pituitary adenoma scenarios.
  • Outputs from ChatGPT-5.0, Claude Opus 4.1, and Gemini 2.5 Flash were anonymized.
  • Ten board-certified physicians evaluated outputs using validated instruments: QAMAI, AIPI, and AISPE-Q.

Main Results:

  • Claude Opus 4.1 demonstrated superior performance across all evaluated domains.
  • Aggregate Quality Assessment of Medical Artificial Intelligence (QAMAI) scores were highest for Claude Opus 4.1 (4.39 ± 0.66).
  • Clinical reasoning, assessed by the Artificial Intelligence Performance Instrument (AIPI), was significantly better for Claude Opus 4.1.

Conclusions:

  • Significant variability exists in LLM performance for pituitary adenoma cases.
  • Claude Opus 4.1 exhibited the highest informational quality, reasoning depth, and expert trust.
  • LLMs can serve as adjuncts in pituitary care, but expert oversight is crucial for clinical integration.