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3D Gaussian Splatting vs. 2D Photogrammetry and Direct Anthropometry for Facial Measurements.

Celal Genç1, Arda Arısan2, Mert Toprak1

  • 1Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Türkiye.

Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research
|March 20, 2026
PubMed
Summary

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3D Gaussian Splatting (3DGS) shows promise for creating accurate 3D facial models for anthropometric analysis, offering an alternative to 2D photogrammetry. While promising, further validation is needed for clinical use.

Area of Science:

  • Medical Imaging
  • Computer Vision
  • Anthropometry

Background:

  • Evaluating the accuracy and repeatability of 3D Gaussian Splatting (3DGS) for 3D facial model generation.
  • Comparing anthropometric measurements from 3DGS models against conventional 2D photogrammetry and direct anthropometry.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the reliability and accuracy of 3DGS in capturing facial anthropometric data.
  • To determine the potential of 3DGS as a tool for facial analysis in clinical and research settings.

Main Methods:

  • Cross-sectional study involving 58 adults (18-25 years).
  • Utilized direct anthropometry, standardized 2D photography, and smartphone-based 3DGS facial reconstruction.
  • Repeated measurements thrice, employing paired tests, Pearson correlation, and Bland-Altman analysis for comparisons.
Keywords:
3D gaussian splattingdigital imagingfacial anthropometrymeasurement accuracyorthodontic diagnosis

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Main Results:

  • 3DGS exhibited small mean differences and generally narrower limits of agreement (LoA) compared to 2D photogrammetry against direct anthropometry.
  • Higher correlations were observed for 3DGS than 2D photogrammetry, though agreement varied by measurement.
  • Wide LoA for some linear (10-18 mm) and angular (>20°) measurements indicate limited interchangeability for individual clinical decisions.

Conclusions:

  • 3DGS offers a viable workflow for generating measurable 3D facial models for anthropometric analysis, potentially supporting orthodontic research.
  • While 3DGS shows potential, its accuracy limitations necessitate further validation across diverse populations and conditions before routine clinical adoption.
  • 3DGS may be a useful alternative to 2D photogrammetry, which has inherent limitations in representing 3D facial anatomy accurately.