3D geometric morphometrics in veterinary science: applications, standardization, and future directions.

Area of Science:

• Veterinary Anatomy
• Geometric Morphometrics
• Morphological Diversity

Background:

• 3D geometric morphometrics is crucial for veterinary anatomy, taxonomy, and clinical research.
• Radiological modalities like CT, MRI, and 3D surface scanning are used for data acquisition.
• Standardized landmark sets are vital for reproducibility and comparability in 3D morphometric studies.

Purpose of the Study:

• To summarize key stages, applications, and standardization recommendations for 3D morphometrics.
• To propose a standardized, minimal landmark set for equine, bovine, and ovine skulls.
• To enhance inter-study reproducibility and comparability in veterinary anatomical research.

Main Methods:

• Utilized computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and 3D surface scanning for data acquisition.
• Developed a standardized, minimal landmark set for horse, cattle, and sheep skulls.
• Prioritized anatomically distinct landmarks to ensure interpretability and avoid analytical complications.

Main Results:

• Proposed a minimal yet balanced landmark configuration for enhanced statistical power and reduced sample size requirements.
• Demonstrated the application of 3D morphometrics in orthopedic surgical planning, biomechanical modeling, and congenital anomaly assessment.
• Highlighted the importance of consistent reference landmarks for repeatable analyses.

Conclusions:

• 3D geometric morphometric methods provide a robust framework for veterinary anatomy and clinical research.
• Standardized landmark sets are essential for advancing reproducibility and comparability across studies.
• Future integration with AI and data-sharing networks will further expand the impact of 3D morphometrics in veterinary science.