[Emergence, evolution and spread of antibiotic resistance]

Area of Science:

• Environmental Science
• Public Health
• Microbiology

Background:

• Antibiotic resistance is a significant global health threat, causing approximately one million deaths each year.
• Bacterial resistance emerges through genetic mutations and horizontal gene transfer, with environmental bacteria serving as key reservoirs.
• The environment is a critical factor in the development and dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes.

Purpose of the Study:

• To highlight the environmental role in antibiotic resistance.
• To advocate for a comprehensive "One Health" strategy.
• To outline essential measures for combating antimicrobial resistance.

Main Methods:

• This study synthesizes current knowledge on antibiotic resistance.
• It emphasizes the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health.
• It reviews factors contributing to resistance and strategies for mitigation.

Main Results:

• Environmental bacteria are crucial reservoirs for antibiotic resistance genes.
• A multisectoral approach is necessary to address the complex issue of antibiotic resistance.
• The spread of resistance is influenced by environmental factors.

Conclusions:

• Effective control of antibiotic resistance necessitates a "One Health" framework.
• Reducing antibiotic consumption, enhancing hygiene, and strengthening surveillance are vital.
• Environmental interventions are key to mitigating the global burden of antibiotic resistance.