A reconfigurable dielectric elastomer actuator via phase-transitional ferrofluid enables sustainable operation

Dielectric elastomer actuators (DEAs) are promising soft transducers capable of rapid and precise actuation. However, their conventional architecture for efficient actuation confines DEAs in predesigned operational modes, leading to limited applications. Here, we introduce a reconfigurable DEA system using phase-transitional ferrofluid (PTF) electrodes. PTF switches its states between solid and liquid, satisfying requirements for a reconfigurable electrode for DEAs. In the sol state, the stable and high magnetic responsiveness inspired by ferrofluid and the low viscosity achieved through plasticization collectively enable dynamic reconfiguration of the electrode. In the gel state, PTF ensures stable shape retention and exhibits reduced interfacial slip during DEA actuation. This reconfigurable nature greatly increases adaptability and ensures continuous operation even when electrodes undergo disconnection or dielectric failure. Moreover, the PTF electrodes can be retrieved and reused after actuation, demonstrating their excellent recyclability. The combination of mechanical compliance, magnetic reconfigurability, and material sustainability renders the PTF a versatile electrode strategy for next-generation reconfigurable electroactive systems.