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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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A phase transition is the process in which a substance changes from one state of matter to another, like from a solid to a liquid, liquid to gas, or vice versa, at a specific temperature and under given pressure conditions. This change is spontaneous and is affected by alterations in temperature and pressure. These parameters impact the strength of the forces between molecules (intermolecular forces) in the substance.During a phase transition, both the initial and final phases of the substance...
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Entropy, a measure of disorder in a system, changes during phase transitions like freezing or boiling. At the transition temperature Ttrs, where two phases are in equilibrium, the phase transition is a reversible process. The entropy change can be calculated from a substance's enthalpy of transition using the equation ΔStrs = ΔtrsH /Ttrs.When a perfect gas expands isothermally from one volume to another, entropy increases logarithmically with volume. Conversely, isothermal compression...
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The internal energy of a substance—the total kinetic energy of all its molecules and the potential energy of their associated forces—depends on the strength of the intermolecular forces in the condensed phases and the pressure exerted on the substance. The internal energy of a substance is the highest in the gaseous state, the lowest in the solid state, and intermediate in the liquid state. Phase transitions are caused by changes in physical conditions, such as temperature and...
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Energy transition in a complex economy:A multidimensional perspective.

Tian Liu1, Wei Jin2, He He3

  • 1School of Economics, Lanzhou University of Finance and Economics, Lanzhou, 730020, China.

Journal of Environmental Management
|March 20, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Economic complexity impacts renewable energy development differently across countries. Trade complexity hinders energy transition, while technology and research complexity can promote it under specific conditions.

Keywords:
Energy transitionsMultidimensional economic complexityRenewable energyResearch complexityTechnology complexityTrade complexity

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Area of Science:

  • Economics
  • Energy Policy
  • Sustainable Development

Background:

  • Renewable energy deployment is vital for sustainable development.
  • Economic structure and capabilities, measured by economic complexity, significantly influence renewable energy adoption.
  • Understanding the multidimensional economic complexity's role is crucial for effective energy transition strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the dynamic and heterogeneous effects of multidimensional economic complexity on renewable energy development.
  • To analyze the non-linear impacts of economic complexity index (ECI) on energy transition across different quantiles.
  • To explore cross-country heterogeneity, particularly between developed and developing economies.

Main Methods:

  • Panel data analysis for 69 countries/regions (1999-2021).
  • Quantile Regression for Panel Data to examine non-linear relationships.
  • Threshold analyses to identify critical conditions for complexity effects.

Main Results:

  • Trade complexity (trade ECI) negatively impacts energy transition, especially in developed regions.
  • Technology complexity (technology ECI) positively influences energy transition, most strongly in developed regions.
  • Research complexity (research ECI) shows a shifting effect, from negative to positive, with increasing energy structure quartiles.

Conclusions:

  • Multidimensional economic complexity has heterogeneous effects on renewable energy transition.
  • Threshold effects exist for trade, technology, and research complexity, dependent on industrial structure, green innovation, and R&D expenditure.
  • Findings highlight the importance of tailored strategies considering economic structure for promoting renewable energy adoption.