Saponins: advanced extraction, quantification techniques, multi-target bioactivities, and applications in food and...

Saponins, a class of glycosides abundantly present in a wide range of plants, are characterized by triterpenoid or steroidal aglycones. As pharmacologically active constituents, they have recently attracted substantial interest owing to their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer properties, as well as their potential to mitigate diverse pathological conditions. This review systematically examines the extraction methods, structural features, quantification techniques, multi-target bioactivities, and mechanisms of action. Furthermore, it explores the structure-activity relationships underlying their biological effects, alongside their applications in food and various industrial sectors. Finally, the article critically addresses current challenges and limitations in saponin research. By synthesizing the latest advancements, this work provides strategic insights to catalyze the translation of saponins into multifunctional food additives, targeted therapeutics, and sustainable products.