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Updated: Mar 22, 2026

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Modular pathway engineering for enhancing terpenoid production in plants.

Yeo Jin Lee1, Sun-Hwa Ha1

  • 1Graduate School of Green-Bio Science, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104, South Korea.

Metabolic Engineering
|March 20, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Plant metabolic engineering uses modular pathways to boost the production of valuable terpenoids. This push-block-pull framework optimizes precursor supply, blocks competing pathways, and enhances storage for sustainable biofactories.

Keywords:
Design-Build-Test-Learn (DBTL)Metabolic engineeringPlant biofactoriesPush-block-pull strategySynthetic biologySystems biology

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Area of Science:

  • Plant metabolic engineering
  • Synthetic biology
  • Metabolic pathway engineering

Background:

  • Terpenoids are diverse, valuable plant metabolites with wide industrial applications.
  • Native terpenoid biosynthesis in plants often suffers from low yields due to complex pathways.
  • Metabolic engineering offers solutions for enhancing terpenoid production in plants.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the application of modular biosynthetic pathways for terpenoid production in plants.
  • To highlight the push-block-pull framework and its five functional modules (M1-M5).
  • To discuss the integration of synthetic biology and systems biology for optimizing terpenoid biofactories.

Main Methods:

  • Implementing a push-block-pull framework with five functional modules (M1-M5) for pathway modularization.
  • Utilizing modular pathway design and synthetic biological strategies in plant metabolic engineering.
  • Applying the Design-Build-Test-Learn cycle for iterative development of metabolic circuits.

Main Results:

  • Modular pathway reconfiguration provides improved control over metabolic flux.
  • Successful applications of the modular framework have been demonstrated in plant-based terpenoid engineering.
  • The approach facilitates scalable and sustainable terpenoid production.

Conclusions:

  • Modular metabolic engineering, particularly the push-block-pull framework, is effective for enhancing terpenoid yields in plants.
  • Integrating systems biology and AI-guided engineering accelerates the development of plant biofactories.
  • This strategy enables the creation of customizable plant-based production systems for valuable terpenoids.