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When a paint brush is immersed in water, the bristles wave freely inside the water. When it is taken out, the bristles stick together. The reason behind this effect is surface tension.
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Cohesion is the attraction between molecules of the same type, such as water molecules. Water molecules have an overall neutral charge but are polar molecule. An oxygen atom in one water molecule has a partial negative charge that can bind to a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge in a second water molecule, forming a hydrogen bond. Each water molecule can form up to four hydrogen bonds with other water molecules. Hydrogen bonds are responsible for water's cohesive nature.
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When bubbles bounce or stick.

Xiangyu Zhang1,2, Zhenbo Xu1,2, Steven Wang3,4

  • 1Centre for Nature-Inspired Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China.

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|March 21, 2026
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study reveals the four regimes of bubble-wall collisions, governed by Galilei (Ga) and Bond (Bo) numbers. It introduces a model explaining bubble dynamics and suppression, aiding applications in fluid dynamics.

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Area of Science:

  • Fluid Dynamics
  • Surface Science
  • Multiphase Flow

Background:

  • Bubble-wall interactions are crucial in natural phenomena and industrial processes like gas absorption and aerosol generation.
  • The physics governing bubble bouncing dynamics at solid surfaces remain incompletely understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To map the phase diagram of rising bubble impacts on a wall.
  • To identify the physical criteria controlling bubble bounce dynamics.
  • To develop a predictive model for bubble-wall collision outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental investigation of bubble collisions with solid surfaces.
  • Computational simulations to model bubble dynamics.
  • Phase diagram mapping in Galilei (Ga)-Bond (Bo) space.
  • Development and validation of a double-mass-spring-damper model.

Main Results:

  • Identified four distinct dynamic regimes: fully bouncing, underdamped non-bouncing, overdamped non-bouncing, and breakup.
  • Bouncing dynamics are governed by both Ga and Bo numbers; underdamped dynamics depend solely on Ga.
  • Initial rise distance affects regime transitions only when less than five bubble radii.
  • High Ga and Bo promote breakup and suppress bouncing; energy dissipation explains suppression in microgravity and low-viscosity fluids.

Conclusions:

  • A unified framework for bubble-impact dynamics has been established.
  • The developed model quantitatively matches rebound and damped adhesion regimes.
  • Provides design principles for optimizing bubble-related processes in chemical engineering, biomedicine, and environmental flows.