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Related Concept Videos

Overview of Transposition and Recombination02:13

Overview of Transposition and Recombination

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Transposons make up a significant part of genomes of various organisms. Therefore, it is believed that transposition played a major evolutionary role in speciation by changing genome sizes and modifying gene expression patterns. For example, in bacteria, transposition can lead to conferring antibiotic resistance. Movement of transposable elements within the genetic pool of pathogenic bacteria can aid in transfer of antibiotic-resistant genetic elements. In eukaryotes, transposons can carry out...
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DNA-only Transposons02:57

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DNA-only transposons are called autonomous transposons since they code for the enzyme transposase that is required for the transposition mechanism. Insertion of transposons can alter gene functions in multiple ways. They can mutate the gene, alter gene expression by introducing a novel promoter or insulator sequence, introduce new splice sites, and change the mRNA transcripts produced, or remodel chromatin structure.
The donor site from where the transposon is excised is either degraded or...
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Non-LTR Retrotransposons03:18

Non-LTR Retrotransposons

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As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
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piRNA - Piwi-interacting RNAs02:57

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PIWI-interacting RNAs, or piRNAs, are the most abundant short non-coding RNAs. More than 20,000 genes have been found in humans that code for piRNAs while only 2000 genes have been found for miRNAs. piRNAs can act at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels and have a vital role in silencing transposable elements present in germ cells. They are also involved in epigenetic silencing and activation. Previously, they were thought to function only in germ cells but new evidence suggests...
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LTR Retrotransposons03:08

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LTR retrotransposons are class I transposable elements with long terminal repeats flanking an internal coding region. These elements are less abundant in mammals compared to other class I transposable elements. About 8 percent of human genomic DNA comprises LTR retrotransposons. Some of the common examples of LTR retrotransposons are Ty elements in yeast and Copia elements in Drosophila.
The internal coding region of LTR retrotransposons and their mechanism of transposition closely resembles a...
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General Transcription Factors01:30

General Transcription Factors

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Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 22, 2026

Real-Time Quantification of the Effects of IS200/IS605 Family-Associated TnpB on Transposon Activity
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TBP regulates transposable element expression in early mouse embryos.

Clara Hermant1, Carlos Michel Mourra-Díaz1, Marlies E Oomen1

  • 1Institute of Epigenetics and Stem Cells (IES), Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-81377, München, Germany.

The EMBO Journal
|March 21, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

General transcription factor TBP activates abundant MaLR transposable elements (TEs) in early mouse embryos. Loss of TBP reduces MaLR expression, revealing TBP

Keywords:
ERVLMaLRMouse EmbryosRetrotransposonsTBP

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Loss-of-Function Approach in the Embryonic Chick Retina by Using Tol2 Transposon-Mediated Transgenic Expression of Artificial microRNAs
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Loss-of-Function Approach in the Embryonic Chick Retina by Using Tol2 Transposon-Mediated Transgenic Expression of Artificial microRNAs
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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Genomics
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Embryonic genome activation is critical for development.
  • Transposable elements (TEs) are highly transcribed in early mammalian embryos.
  • Regulators of TE transcription in development are largely unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Identify transcription factors regulating TE expression during mouse preimplantation development.
  • Investigate the role of TBP in controlling MaLR family TE expression.
  • Determine the impact of TBP loss-of-function on TE transcription.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of transcription factor binding to TEs.
  • Loss-of-function studies of TBP in mouse embryos.
  • Quantification of TE transcript levels.

Main Results:

  • TBP binds and activates MaLR family transposable elements (ERVLs) in mouse embryos.
  • TBP loss-of-function results in MaLR downregulation, particularly the ORR1A family.
  • ORR1A elements are a significant source of zygotic genome activation transcripts.

Conclusions:

  • TBP is a key regulator of MaLR TE expression in vivo.
  • TBP controls a specific TE transcriptional program during early development.
  • This study uncovers a novel role for a general transcription factor in TE regulation.