Potential Role and Mechanisms of Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate in Colorectal Cancer

Colorectal cancer (CRC), the second deadliest cancer worldwide, is characterized by high incidence and poor prognosis. Although current treatments can effectively relieve patient symptoms, numerous toxic side effects remain unresolved. Therefore, treating CRC remains a substantial challenge, and novel approaches are urgently needed. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a natural polyphenol and the most abundant component of green tea, exerts preventive and anticancer effects. Herein, we review previous literature and summarize the effects of EGCG on the prevention and treatment of CRC. EGCG has been shown to inhibit cell proliferation, growth, and invasion, trigger apoptosis, and enhance sensitivity to chemotherapy and radiotherapy in patients with CRC. EGCG inhibits tumorigenesis through several mechanisms, mainly involving modulation of signaling pathways, suppression of inflammation, and regulation of gut microbiota in preclinical studies. However, the instability and low bioavailability of EGCG limit its clinical applications, and developing novel EGCG nanoparticles is an important future research direction. In conclusion, EGCG has proven valuable in suppressing CRC progression both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, the safety and efficacy of EGCG for treating CRC in clinical practice need to be further explored. The data were gathered by searching relevant information in multiple databases, such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar.