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Aryldiazonium Salts to Azo Dyes: Diazo Coupling01:11

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The reaction of weakly electrophilic aryldiazonium (also called arenediazonium) salts with highly activated aromatic compounds leads to the formation of products with an —N=N— link, called an azo linkage. This reaction, presented in Figure 1, is known as diazo coupling and occurs without the loss of the nitrogen atoms of the aryldiazonium salt. Highly activated aromatic compounds such as phenols or arylamines favor the diazo coupling reaction. The coupling generally occurs at the para...
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Heterocyclic amines, where the N atom is a part of an alicyclic system, are similar in basicity to alkylamines. Interestingly, the heterocyclic amine having a nitrogen atom as part of an aromatic ring has much less basicity than its corresponding alicyclic counterpart. For this reason, as presented in Figure 1, piperidine (pKb = 2.8) is significantly more basic than pyridine (pKb = 8.8).
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Amines with low molecular weight are usually gaseous at room temperature, while those with high molecular weight are liquid or solids in nature. Usually, low molecular weight amines have a rotten fish-like smell. Diamines typically have a pungent smell. For instance, cadaverine and putrescine, depicted in Figure 1, are two molecules responsible for decaying tissue.
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Anthelminthic Agents01:15

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Anthelmintic drugs differ significantly from antiparasitic therapies targeting protozoa, primarily due to differences in parasite biology. Whereas most protozoal treatments act on proliferating cells, anthelmintics are typically directed against mature, nonproliferative helminths. The therapeutic approach considers the helminth's reliance on neuromuscular coordination, glucose metabolism, and microtubular integrity for survival, reproduction, and localization within the host. Most anthelmintics...
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Antipsychotic Drugs: Typical and Atypical Agents01:21

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Antipsychotic drugs are classified into first-generation (typical) drugs including phenothiazines; and second-generation (atypical) drugs. Chlorpromazine hydrochloride (Thorazine), a phenothiazine derivative, broadly impacts the central, autonomic, and endocrine systems. This drug, along with typical agents like haloperidol (Haldol), primarily works by antagonizing D2 receptors, thus reducing dopaminergic neurotransmission. However, typical antipsychotics can cause side effects such as sedation...
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Drug design is a dynamic field that involves discovering and developing new medications based on specific biological targets. This process heavily relies on structure-activity relationships (SAR) and quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR) to guide the design and optimization of efficient drugs.
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Research Progress on Pyrazine-based Medicinally Active Compounds: A Review.

Karan Joshi1, Omkumar Prajapati1, Sadaf Mirza1

  • 1Faculty of Pharmacy, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, 390002, India.

Mini Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry
|March 21, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pyrazine compounds show promise for treating cancer, tuberculosis, and Alzheimer's disease. Research from 2014-2025 highlights their potential in drug discovery for various disorders.

Keywords:
Pyrazineanti-Alzheimer’santi-canceranti-inflammatoryanti-microbialanti-tubercularanti-viral.

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Area of Science:

  • Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Discovery

Background:

  • Pyrazine-based compounds are of significant interest due to their diverse biological activities.
  • These compounds have demonstrated potential therapeutic applications for a range of disorders.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the expansion and applications of pyrazine-derived compounds from 2014 to 2025.
  • To highlight the efficacy of pyrazines against cancer, tuberculosis, Alzheimer's disease, microbial infections, inflammation, and viral pathogens.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on pyrazine-derived compounds published between 2014 and 2025.
  • Analysis of biological roles, therapeutic applications, and drug discovery prospects.

Main Results:

  • Pyrazines exhibit established efficacy in treating cancer, tuberculosis, Alzheimer's disease, microbial infections, inflammation, and viral diseases.
  • Significant discoveries and complex mechanisms of pyrazines have been identified, showcasing their potential in targeting multiple biological processes.

Conclusions:

  • Pyrazine compounds represent a promising scaffold for novel pharmaceutical development.
  • Future actions are necessary to further enhance the utility of pyrazine-based compounds as effective therapeutics.