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Related Concept Videos

Coronary Artery Disease I: Introduction01:30

Coronary Artery Disease I: Introduction

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Coronary Artery Disease (CAD): An Overview with Scientific InsightsCoronary Artery Disease (CAD), often referred to as C-A-D, is a prevalent blood vessel disorder classified under the broader category of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is a pathological process characterized by the hardening and narrowing of arteries due to the accumulation of atherosclerotic plaques. These plaques are composed of cholesterol, fatty substances, inflammatory cells, calcium, and fibrin, reducing blood flow to...
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Ischemic Heart Disease: Overview01:17

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Ischemic heart disease occurs when the heart's blood supply dwindles, causing an ominous lack of oxygen and nutrients. This deficiency, stemming from reduced or obstructed blood flow, spells danger, leading to heart muscle damage and dysfunction.
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Cardiomyopathy III: Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy01:29

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Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, or HCM, is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder characterized by asymmetric left ventricular hypertrophy without ventricular dilation. It is more common in men and is typically diagnosed in young, athletic adults.EtiologyHCM is primarily genetic and is caused by mutations in genes encoding sarcomeric proteins. Researchers have identified over 1400 mutations across at least 11 different genes. Among these, the most frequently occurring mutations are found in the...
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Coronary Artery Disease IV: Preventive Measures01:26

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Effective preventive measures for coronary artery disease (CAD) focus on controlling modifiable risk factors, including cholesterol abnormalities and lifestyle changes.Cholesterol ManagementFirst, the Mediterranean diet and the American Heart Association advocate for maintaining low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels below 100 mg/dL, with a more stringent recommendation of below 70 mg/dL for individuals at high risk. LDL cholesterol, often termed "bad cholesterol," can lead to the...
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Acute Coronary Syndrome II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations01:19

Acute Coronary Syndrome II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations

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The pathophysiology of Acute Coronary Syndrome [ACD] involves several key processes:The main underlying cause of ACD is atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the buildup of lipid-laden plaques within the coronary arteries.As the atherosclerotic plaque grows in the coronary artery, it may become unstable due to the formation of a lipid-rich core and a thin fibrous cap. Inflammatory cells within the plaque, such as macrophages, secrete enzymes that degrade the...
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Acute Coronary Syndrome III: Diagnostic Studies01:30

Acute Coronary Syndrome III: Diagnostic Studies

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Diagnosing acute coronary syndrome or ACS begins with a thorough patient history. Notable symptoms include central, crushing chest pain radiating to the left arm, neck, jaw, or back, along with shortness of breath, sweating (diaphoresis), nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and palpitations.It is crucial to note any history of cardiac illnesses and assess risk factors, including age, gender, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and a sedentary lifestyle.During physical examination, vital...
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Updated: Mar 23, 2026

Improvement of a Closed Chest Porcine Myocardial Infarction Model by Standardization of Tissue and Blood Sampling Procedures
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Improvement of a Closed Chest Porcine Myocardial Infarction Model by Standardization of Tissue and Blood Sampling Procedures

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Myocardial Infarction Without Standard Modifiable Risk Factors From 2025-2040: Forecast Analysis of Multinational,

Grace Cao1, Nicholas Weight2, Silingga Metta Jauhari3

  • 1Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Singapore, Singapore.

JACC. Asia
|March 21, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) without standard modifiable risk factors (SMuRF-less AMI) is projected to increase. By 2040, SMuRF-less AMI will affect younger, male populations, with overweight/obesity as a key risk factor.

Keywords:
acute myocardial infarctioncase fatalityprevalencestandard modifiable risk factors

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Last Updated: Mar 23, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular epidemiology
  • Public health forecasting
  • Myocardial infarction research

Background:

  • Standard modifiable risk factors (SMuRFs) are linked to higher acute myocardial infarction (AMI) risk.
  • Patients experiencing AMI without SMuRFs (SMuRF-less AMI) exhibit increased mortality rates.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To forecast the prevalence and case fatality trends of SMuRF-less AMI in Singapore and the United Kingdom.
  • To project these trends from 2025 to 2040.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized data from the Singapore Myocardial Infarction Registry and the UK Myocardial Ischemia National Audit Project.
  • Employed Poisson regression models to predict SMuRF-less AMI prevalence and case fatality rates.
  • Forecasting period spans from 2025 to 2040.

Main Results:

  • SMuRF-less AMI is expected to constitute a larger share of total AMI cases in Singapore (rising to 8.5%) and the UK (rising to 16.9%) by 2040.
  • SMuRF-less AMI mortality's proportion of total AMI mortality will decrease in the UK but increase in Singapore (to 13.3%).
  • Prevalence increases are most rapid in young adults in Singapore and middle-aged adults in the UK, with overweight/obesity being a significant factor.

Conclusions:

  • SMuRF-less AMI is projected to represent a greater proportion of the overall AMI burden in both Western and Eastern populations by 2040.
  • Vulnerability to SMuRF-less AMI is shifting towards a younger, male demographic.
  • Overweight and obesity are emerging as dominant risk factors for SMuRF-less AMI.