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Complementing complementary science with repertoires: The case of phage therapy.

Thomas Bonnin1

  • 1META and Dipartimento ABC, Politecnico di Milano, Italy.

Studies in History and Philosophy of Science
|March 21, 2026
PubMed
Summary

This study explores complementary science using phage therapy revival. It extends existing frameworks to highlight ethical considerations and the transdisciplinary nature of scientific practice.

Keywords:
Complementary scienceEvidence-based medicineIntegrated history and philosophy of sciencePhage therapyRepertoiresScientific pluralism

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Area of Science:

  • History and Philosophy of Science
  • Medical History
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Complementary science aims to recover prematurely abandoned scientific practices.
  • The revival of phage therapy presents a complex case study for scientific practice.
  • Existing frameworks need extension to encompass diverse elements of scientific revival.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To conceptually analyze complementary science using the phage therapy revival.
  • To extend Chang's notion of complementary science with the concept of repertoires.
  • To explore the normative, ethical, and transdisciplinary aspects of scientific practice.

Main Methods:

  • Conceptual analysis of complementary science.
  • Case study methodology focusing on the revival of phage therapy.
  • Integration of historical and philosophical approaches to science.

Main Results:

  • Extending complementary science with repertoires highlights ethical and normative dimensions.
  • Established repertoires can both inspire and obstruct emerging scientific practices.
  • Phage therapy's trajectory shows diverse benefits and development potential beyond full pharmacopoeia integration.

Conclusions:

  • An integrated history and philosophy of science is valuable for understanding scientific practices.
  • Complementary science, when extended, clarifies the complex interplay of elements in scientific revival.
  • The study reframes the assessment of phage therapy, emphasizing its independent value.