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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 23, 2026

Production and Testing of Moisture Behavior and Thermal Properties of Rapeseed Straw and Ganoderma resinaceum Mycelium Bio-Composites
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Water-resistant CMC/g-C3N4 based multifunctional film for high-humidity fruit packaging.

Ajahar Khan1, Zohreh Riahi1, Ruchir Priyadarshi2

  • 1BioNanocomposite Research Center, Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules
|March 21, 2026
PubMed
Summary

A new carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) packaging film, enhanced with graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4), citric acid (CA), and carbon dots (CD), offers superior water resistance and strength for high-moisture foods. This advanced biopolymer film significantly extends the shelf life of products like blueberries.

Keywords:
AntimicrobialAntioxidantCMC filmFruit packagingNacre-inspiredWater-resistant

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Food Science
  • Polymer Chemistry

Background:

  • Conventional plastic packaging poses environmental concerns.
  • There is a growing need for sustainable and functional food packaging solutions.
  • Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is a biodegradable polymer with potential for packaging applications but often lacks sufficient water resistance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel, water-resistant, and mechanically robust packaging film based on CMC.
  • To enhance the properties of CMC by incorporating exfoliated graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) and cross-linking with citric acid (CA) and carbon dots (CD).
  • To evaluate the performance of the developed film for preserving high-moisture foods, specifically blueberries.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of a double-cross-linked film (CMC/g-C3N4/CA/CD) using a nacre-mimicking approach.
  • Characterization of the film's mechanical properties, including tensile strength.
  • Assessment of water resistance through water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) measurements and immersion tests.
  • Evaluation of antioxidant and antibacterial activities.
  • Application testing for blueberry preservation, monitoring microbial contamination, pH, firmness, weight loss, and shelf life.

Main Results:

  • The CMC/g-C3N4/CA/CD film exhibited a 58.8% increase in tensile strength and a 40.0% reduction in WVTR compared to the control CMC film.
  • The film demonstrated exceptional moisture resistance, maintaining structural integrity even after 100 hours of water immersion.
  • Significant antioxidant and antibacterial effects were observed, completely inhibiting ABTS radicals and the growth of S. enterica and L. monocytogenes.
  • In blueberry packaging, the film extended shelf life by up to 16 days, effectively inhibiting microbial growth and preserving quality attributes.

Conclusions:

  • The developed nacre-mimicking biopolymer film offers a promising, sustainable alternative to petroleum-based plastics for food packaging.
  • Its enhanced mechanical strength and superior moisture resistance make it ideal for preserving high-moisture foods.
  • The film's functional properties, including antioxidant and antibacterial activities, contribute to improved food safety and extended shelf life.