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Related Concept Videos

Alkali Aggregate Reaction in Concrete01:26

Alkali Aggregate Reaction in Concrete

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The alkali-aggregate reaction in concrete involves natural siliceous minerals in aggregates reacting with alkaline hydroxides derived from cement alkalis. This reaction forms an alkali-silica gel that absorbs water, swells, and increases in volume, which is confined by the surrounding cement paste, creating internal pressures that crack and disrupt the concrete. The extent of expansion and damage can be partly attributed to the alkali-silica reaction's osmotic hydraulic pressure and the...
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Soundness of Cement01:17

Soundness of Cement

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The soundness of cement refers to the ability of cement paste to retain its volume after setting. Unsound cement can lead to expansion and structural damage due to the presence of free lime, magnesia, and calcium sulfate. Free lime hydrates very slowly, expanding and causing unsoundness, which is difficult to detect because it intercrystallizes with other compounds. Magnesia also reacts with water, forming crystals that can disrupt the cement's structure. Calcium sulfate can create...
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Superplasticizers01:30

Superplasticizers

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Superplasticizers are advanced admixtures that enhance the workability of concrete by lowering the water content without compromising the strength of the material. These substances are highly effective water reducers, improving concrete flow, making it easier to work with, and enabling concrete to reach inaccessible areas or densely reinforced sections without mechanical vibration. The key components in superplasticizers are either sulfonated melamine or naphthalene formaldehyde condensates,...
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Pozzolans01:21

Pozzolans

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Pozzolans are siliceous or aluminous materials blended with Portland cement. They interact with the calcium hydroxide produced during the hydration of Portland cement and contribute to improved strength and durability of concrete. The pozzolanic activity, a measure of a pozzolan's effectiveness, is typically assessed using the strength activity index, as defined in ASTM C 618-93, which calculates the ratio of the compressive strength of cement mixtures with and without pozzolan.
Fly ash is...
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Hydration of Cement01:24

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Hydration of cement is a chemical reaction between cement particles and water. This process occurs primarily through two mechanisms: through-solution and topochemical. In the through-solution process, anhydrous compounds dissolve into their constituents, hydrates form in the solution, and then precipitate from the supersaturated solution. The topochemical process involves solid-state reactions at the cement particle surface. The through-solution process dominates the topochemical process at the...
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Deleterious Substances in Aggregate01:25

Deleterious Substances in Aggregate

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Deleterious substances in aggregates can be detrimental to the quality and durability of concrete. These substances include organic impurities like loam, which interfere with cement hydration and are usually present in the sand. These prevent a good bond between aggregate and cement paste. Organic impurities can be detected using the colorimetric test, where the darkness of a solution after agitation indicates the level of organic content.
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Machine learning-based reactivity evaluation of solid wastes and development of a multi-component all-solid waste

Hansong Wu1, Jinxi Zhang1, Yongpeng Song1

  • 1Beijing University of Technology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Traffic Engineering, China.

Environmental Research
|March 21, 2026
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a new method to evaluate solid waste reactivity for low-carbon cement. It uses micro-characteristics to predict material performance, supporting eco-friendly construction.

Keywords:
All-solid-waste cementitious materialMicroscopic featuresReactivity evaluationSupport vector regression

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Green Chemistry
  • Civil Engineering

Background:

  • Alkali-activated cementitious materials offer a low-carbon alternative to traditional concrete.
  • Utilizing all-solid-waste in these materials reduces reliance on commercial activators, further lowering environmental impact.
  • Current methods for assessing solid waste reactivity lack quantitative models based on microscopic features.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish a quantitative relationship between the micro-characteristics of solid waste reactivity and the performance of cementitious materials.
  • To develop a predictive model for material properties based on microscopic features.
  • To support the development of high-performance all-solid-waste cementitious materials.

Main Methods:

  • Characterization of 15 solid wastes using XRF, FTIR, XPS, and TG to determine reactivity parameters (silicate tetrahedron polymerization, ionic bond content, oxygen valence).
  • Dimensional reduction of reactivity parameters into four principal factors using principal component analysis.
  • Support vector regression (SVR) modeling to establish high-precision fitting between compressive strength and principal factors.

Main Results:

  • Reactivity parameters quantitatively reflect the role of different solid wastes in the all-solid-waste system.
  • Strength development mechanisms are influenced by phase-dependent hydration kinetics and time-dependent constituent contributions.
  • The SVR model accurately predicts compressive strength based on micro-characteristics.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed reactivity evaluation method provides quantitative support for performance regulation in all-solid-waste cementitious materials.
  • This approach is effective for small-sample, nonlinear material property prediction.
  • The findings contribute to the development of sustainable and eco-friendly construction materials.