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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 23, 2026

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Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and the 9-dot problem.

Ayse Aycicegi-Dinn1, Fatma Göral1, Sacit Karamürsel2

  • 1Department of Psychology, Istanbul Atlas University, Istanbul, Turkey.

Neuropsychologia
|March 21, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Replication attempts of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) for the 9-dot problem failed. Active tDCS did not improve problem-solving or visuospatial skills compared to sham stimulation in two studies.

Keywords:
9-Dot problemAnterior temporal lobeVisuospatial teststDCS

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Science

Background:

  • The 9-dot problem is a challenging task often used to assess problem-solving abilities.
  • Previous research suggested transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) could enhance performance on this task.
  • Replication studies are crucial for validating findings in neuromodulation research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To replicate findings by Chi and Snyder (2012) on the efficacy of tDCS in solving the 9-dot problem.
  • To investigate if successful 9-dot problem solvers exhibit superior baseline visuospatial skills.
  • To determine if active tDCS enhances visuospatial task performance.

Main Methods:

  • Two studies were conducted, involving participants receiving either active tDCS (cathodal left ATL, anodal right ATL) or sham tDCS.
  • The duration of stimulation was 10 minutes.
  • Visuospatial skills were assessed at baseline and post-stimulation.

Main Results:

  • Neither study found a significant difference between active tDCS and sham groups in solving the 9-dot problem.
  • Only a small number of participants in both active and sham groups solved the problem.
  • No significant differences in visuospatial skills were observed between groups at baseline or post-stimulation.

Conclusions:

  • The current studies failed to replicate the positive findings of Chi and Snyder (2012) regarding tDCS and the 9-dot problem.
  • Active tDCS did not demonstrate a significant effect on 9-dot problem-solving or visuospatial performance.
  • Reporting failures to replicate is important for understanding the limitations of non-invasive brain stimulation techniques.