Regenerative strategies for post-prostatectomy incontinence: stem cells, exosomes, and the path to clinical...

Radical prostatectomy (RP) is a highly effective treatment for localized prostate cancer; unfortunately, post-prostatectomy urinary incontinence (UI) remains a prevalent and distressing complication, significantly diminishing patients' quality of life. Current therapeutic options often provide incomplete continence restoration and may lead to substantial morbidity. This review examines the rapidly advancing field of regenerative medicine, specifically focusing on stem cell and exosome-based therapies as innovative approaches to address post-RP UI. We go deeper into the unique pathophysiology of male post-prostatectomy UI, distinguishing it from other forms of UI, and present the compelling biological rationale for these regenerative interventions. Highlighting advancements from 2014 to 2025, we explore recent preclinical and clinical progress in this domain. Furthermore, we critically assess the persistent challenges crucial for widespread clinical application, including optimizing cell dose and source, ensuring long-term efficacy and safety, and interpreting complex regulatory environments. By bridging the understanding of sex-related differences between females and males in UI and tackling the specific challenges of male post-RP incontinence, this review emphasizes that while promising, the journey from laboratory bench to bedside for these innovative therapies demands rigorous scientific inquiry and collaborative efforts.