Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes02:46

Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes

49.5K
Tetrahedral Complexes
Crystal field theory (CFT) is applicable to molecules in geometries other than octahedral. In octahedral complexes, the lobes of the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals point directly at the ligands. For tetrahedral complexes, the d orbitals remain in place, but with only four ligands located between the axes. None of the orbitals points directly at the tetrahedral ligands. However, the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals (along the Cartesian axes) overlap with the ligands less than the dxy,...
49.5K
Valence Bond Theory02:42

Valence Bond Theory

11.6K
Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...
11.6K
Coordination Number and Geometry02:57

Coordination Number and Geometry

19.6K
For transition metal complexes, the coordination number determines the geometry around the central metal ion. Table 1 compares coordination numbers to molecular geometry. The most common structures of the complexes in coordination compounds are octahedral, tetrahedral, and square planar.
19.6K
Colors and Magnetism03:02

Colors and Magnetism

14.5K
Color in Coordination Complexes
When atoms or molecules absorb light at the proper frequency, their electrons are excited to higher-energy orbitals. For many main group atoms and molecules, the absorbed photons are in the ultraviolet range of the electromagnetic spectrum, which cannot be detected by the human eye. For coordination compounds, the energy difference between the d orbitals often allows photons in the visible range to be absorbed and emitted, which is seen as colors by the human...
14.5K
Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes02:58

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes

31.6K
Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...
31.6K
Stereoisomerism02:52

Stereoisomerism

14.5K
Isomerism in Complexes
Isomers are different chemical species that have the same chemical formula.
Transition metal complexes often exist as geometric isomers, in which the same atoms are connected through the same types of bonds but with differences in their orientation in space. Coordination complexes with two different ligands in the cis and trans positions from a ligand of interest form isomers. For example, the octahedral [Co(NH3)4Cl2]+ ion has two isomers (Figure 1) In the cis...
14.5K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Ligand-Induced Structural Evolution and Luminescence Tuning in a Series of Superatomic Ir/Ag Hydride-Containing Nanoclusters.

Inorganic chemistry·2026
Same author

Formation of Gallium Monofluoride in the Coordination Sphere of Nickel.

Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)·2026
Same author

Chiral Dy(III) single-molecule magnets supported by thiophene-substituted hexaazamacrocycles.

Chemical communications (Cambridge, England)·2026
Same author

A Tetrahedral Silver-Rich Supercluster Composed of 8-Electron IrH<sub>2</sub>Ag<sub>12</sub> Icosahedra.

Journal of the American Chemical Society·2026
Same author

Revisiting NHC-Metal Bonding: π-Donation in Mid- to High-Valent Iron Nitrido Complexes Stabilizes the Fe(VI) Oxidation State.

Journal of the American Chemical Society·2026
Same author

A Structurally Authenticated Closed-Shell Iron(IV) Oxo Ferryl Complex: Synthesis, Properties, and Reactivity.

Journal of the American Chemical Society·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 24, 2026

Thermochemical Studies of NiII and ZnII Ternary Complexes Using Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry
16:11

Thermochemical Studies of NiII and ZnII Ternary Complexes Using Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry

Published on: June 8, 2022

2.8K

Homoleptic seven-coordinate Ti(0) and Zr(0) through a new stabilization mode.

Ivan Antsiburov1,2, Raphael Bühler1,2,3, Johannes Stephan1,2

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Chair of Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry Garching Germany.

Chemical Science
|March 23, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers synthesized novel homoleptic seven-coordinate titanium(0) and zirconium(0) complexes using gallium metalloligands. These compounds exhibit unique Ga-Ga covalent interactions crucial for stabilizing the metal centers.

More Related Videos

Synthesis of Nine-atom Deltahedral Zintl Ions of Germanium and their Functionalization with Organic Groups
08:15

Synthesis of Nine-atom Deltahedral Zintl Ions of Germanium and their Functionalization with Organic Groups

Published on: February 11, 2012

14.4K
The Synthesis, Characterization and Reactivity of a Series of Ruthenium N-triphosPh Complexes
10:51

The Synthesis, Characterization and Reactivity of a Series of Ruthenium N-triphosPh Complexes

Published on: April 10, 2015

12.8K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 24, 2026

Thermochemical Studies of NiII and ZnII Ternary Complexes Using Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry
16:11

Thermochemical Studies of NiII and ZnII Ternary Complexes Using Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry

Published on: June 8, 2022

2.8K
Synthesis of Nine-atom Deltahedral Zintl Ions of Germanium and their Functionalization with Organic Groups
08:15

Synthesis of Nine-atom Deltahedral Zintl Ions of Germanium and their Functionalization with Organic Groups

Published on: February 11, 2012

14.4K
The Synthesis, Characterization and Reactivity of a Series of Ruthenium N-triphosPh Complexes
10:51

The Synthesis, Characterization and Reactivity of a Series of Ruthenium N-triphosPh Complexes

Published on: April 10, 2015

12.8K

Area of Science:

  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • Organometallic Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Stabilizing zero oxidation state group (IV) metals is challenging.
  • Previous methods relied on hydrocarbon ligands.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize novel homoleptic seven-coordinate Ti(0) and Zr(0) complexes.
  • To investigate the role of gallium metalloligands in stabilizing low-valent metal centers.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of homoleptic seven-coordinate Ti(0) and Zr(0) complexes using GaTMP ligands.
  • Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations to analyze bonding.
  • Oxidation studies of the synthesized complexes.

Main Results:

  • First homoleptic seven-coordinate Ti(0) and Zr(0) complexes, [Ti(GaTMP)7] and [Zr(GaTMP)7], were synthesized.
  • DFT calculations revealed stabilizing tangential Ga-Ga covalent interactions.
  • Oxidation of [Zr(GaTMP)7] yielded [Zr(GaTMP)8]2+ with similar bonding.

Conclusions:

  • Monovalent GaTMP ligands effectively stabilize Ti(0) and Zr(0) centers.
  • Tangential Ga-Ga covalent interactions are key to stabilization, arising from pi-backbonding.
  • This all-Ga metalloligand sphere offers distinct bonding properties compared to traditional ligands.