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Employing the Forced Oscillation Technique for the Assessment of Respiratory Mechanics in Adults
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Effect of Subglottic Stenosis on Expiratory Sound Using Direct Noise Calculation.

Biao Geng1, Qian Xue1, Scott Thomson2

  • 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY 14623, USA.

Applied Sciences (Basel, Switzerland)
|March 23, 2026
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Subglottic stenosis (SGS) significantly impacts expiratory sound, with severity above 75% rapidly increasing sound pressure levels. Maneuvers altering glottal opening may aid in diagnosing this airway condition.

Keywords:
flow-sustained toneshole tonerespiratory soundsubglottic stenosiswhistle

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Area of Science:

  • Acoustics
  • Bioengineering
  • Respiratory Medicine

Background:

  • Subglottic stenosis (SGS) is a rare, life-threatening airway condition.
  • Tonal respiratory sounds are a primary symptom of SGS.
  • Understanding SGS's effect on sound is crucial for diagnosis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of subglottic stenosis severity and related parameters on expiratory sound.
  • To simulate sound production in a simplified airway model.
  • To identify acoustic features indicative of SGS.

Main Methods:

  • Direct noise calculation simulation of sound production.
  • Axisymmetric model including trachea, vocal folds, and supraglottal tract.
  • Analysis of flow-sustained tones under varying SGS severity, distance, flowrate, and glottal opening.

Main Results:

  • Sound pressure level (SPL) increased with flowrate.
  • SGS had minimal effect until severity reached 75%, then SPL increased rapidly.
  • Tonal components originated from hole tones and tract harmonics; glottal constriction influenced sound spectra.

Conclusions:

  • Expiratory sound analysis, particularly with glottal maneuvers, can aid in subglottic stenosis diagnosis.
  • SGS severity is a critical factor in altering acoustic properties of expiratory sound.
  • The study provides insights into the acoustic mechanisms of SGS-related respiratory sounds.