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Evolutionary dynamics of type VI secretion systems in fruit fly-associated Enterobacter
Naima Bel Mokhtar1, Panagiota Stathopoulou1, Elias Asimakis1
1Laboratory of Systems Microbiology and Applied Genomics, Department of Sustainable Agriculture, University of Patras, Agrinio, Greece.
Frontiers in Microbiology
|March 23, 2026
Summary
This study reveals distinct Enterobacter species and subspecies associated with different fruit flies, highlighting host-driven adaptation. Genomic analysis uncovers diverse type VI secretion systems (T6SS) crucial for symbiosis and potential pest management strategies.
Area of Science:
- Microbiology
- Genomics
- Insect-Microbe Interactions
Background:
- Enterobacter species are widespread but their symbiosis with Tephritidae fruit flies is understudied.
- Comparative genomic analysis of Enterobacter-fruit fly associations is lacking.
Purpose of the Study:
- To conduct a whole-genome comparative analysis of Enterobacter strains isolated from key fruit fly species.
- To investigate the genetic basis of Enterobacter symbiosis with fruit flies.
- To explore the diversity and function of type VI secretion systems (T6SS) in these symbiotic bacteria.
Main Methods:
- Whole-genome comparative analysis of thirteen Enterobacter strains.
- Pangenome analysis to assess genetic structure and composition.
- Identification and characterization of type VI secretion systems (T6SS) gene clusters.
Main Results:
- Distinct Enterobacter species, notably Enterobacter hormaechei, were found in different fruit fly hosts, with subspecies showing host-specific associations.
- Pangenome analysis revealed significant genomic plasticity, with variations in core, shell, and species-specific genes, including mobile genetic elements and motility genes.
- Three subtypes of T6SS gene clusters (T6SS_C1, T6SS_C2, T6SS_C3) were identified, differing in gene synteny and effector/immunity content, suggesting diverse roles in bacterial interactions and adaptation.
Conclusions:
- The study elucidates the genetic underpinnings of Enterobacter-fruit fly symbiosis, revealing host-driven adaptation and evolutionary dynamics.
- The diversity of T6SS in Enterobacter strains suggests varied mechanisms for interbacterial competition and host manipulation.
- Findings provide a foundation for microbiome-based pest management strategies, potentially enhancing sterile insect technique (SIT).
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