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Related Concept Videos

The Tumor Microenvironment02:17

The Tumor Microenvironment

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Every normal cell or tissue is embedded in a complex local environment called stroma, consisting of different cell types, a basal membrane, and blood vessels. As normal cells mutate and develop into cancer cells, their local environment also changes to allow cancer progression. The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of a complex cellular matrix of stromal cells and the developing tumor. The cross-talk between cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells is critical to disrupt normal tissue...
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Tumor progression is a phenomenon where the pre-formed tumor acquires successive mutations to become clinically more aggressive and malignant. In the 1950s, Foulds first described the stepwise progression of cancer cells through successive stages.
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Cancer cells accumulate genetic changes at an abnormally rapid rate due to the defects in the DNA repair mechanisms. From an evolutionary perspective, such genetic instability is advantageous for cancer development. Mutant cell lines accumulate a series of beneficial mutations that contribute to their progression into cancer.
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The mammalian target of rapamycin or mTOR protein was discovered in 1994 due to its direct interaction with rapamycin. The protein gets its name from a yeast homolog called TOR. The mTOR protein complex in mammalian cells plays a major role in balancing anabolic processes such as the synthesis of proteins, lipids, and nucleotides and catabolic processes, such as autophagy in response to environmental cues, such as availability of nutrients and growth factors.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 24, 2026

Studying the Effects of Tumor-Secreted Paracrine Ligands on Macrophage Activation using Co-Culture with Permeable Membrane Supports
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Studying the Effects of Tumor-Secreted Paracrine Ligands on Macrophage Activation using Co-Culture with Permeable Membrane Supports

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GAS6 potentiates tumor progression through modulating suppressive microenvironments.

Shaoteng Lu1, Hangxu Liu2, Fujie Zhang1

  • 1National Key Laboratory of Immunity and Inflammation, Naval Medical University/Second Military Medical University Shanghai 200433, China.

American Journal of Cancer Research
|March 23, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Growth arrest-specific 6 (GAS6) is linked to cancer progression and poor survival across many cancer types. Targeting the GAS6/TAM pathway may overcome immune tolerance and enhance cancer treatments.

Keywords:
Growth arrest-specific 6 (GAS6)efferocytosispan-cancerprognosistumor immune microenvironment

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A Mimic of the Tumor Microenvironment: A Simple Method for Generating Enriched Cell Populations and Investigating Intercellular Communication
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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Growth arrest-specific 6 (GAS6) is the primary ligand for TAM receptors (TYRO3, AXL, MERTK), crucial for efferocytosis.
  • A comprehensive pan-cancer analysis of GAS6's role has been lacking.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the pan-cancer expression of GAS6 and its correlation with clinical outcomes.
  • To explore the relationship between GAS6 levels, tumor-infiltrating macrophages, and the tumor microenvironment.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of GAS6 expression across 33 tumor types using TCGA and TCGA-XENA datasets.
  • Transcriptomic deconvolution to assess macrophage infiltration and polarization.
  • Correlation analysis between GAS6 expression, survival data, and immune cell infiltration.

Main Results:

  • Aberrant GAS6 expression was observed in conjunction with malignant transformation and cancer progression.
  • Elevated GAS6 levels significantly predicted worse overall survival in multiple malignancies.
  • GAS6 expression positively correlated with increased macrophage infiltration and M2 polarization.

Conclusions:

  • GAS6 acts as an oncogenic driver and a key regulator of the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment in human cancers.
  • Targeting the GAS6/TAM axis presents a potential therapeutic strategy to enhance anti-cancer immunity and treatment efficacy.