General perception of the diversification of child-rearing environments in Japan

Understanding how child-rearing environments and family dynamics evolve in response to socioeconomic change and shifting cultural values is a central question in sociology. The Second Demographic Transition (SDT) framework explains many of these transformations in Western societies; however, its relevance to East Asia-particularly Japan-remains uncertain due to the region's distinctive family norms and institutional settings. In Japan, traditional family models continue to shape parenting and caregiving, creating unequal burdens on mothers despite recent institutional reforms. This study examines public normative attitudes toward diverse parenting practices in Japan, with a focus on normative orientations and intergenerational differences. Drawing on survey data from 579 respondents, the results indicate that younger generations are more open to shared parental responsibilities and the involvement of non-family actors, whereas older respondents adhere more strongly to traditional family roles. Attitudes toward the Child Care Commons (CCC)-a framework that envisions shared, network-based child-rearing-were largely supportive, although concerns persisted about parental responsibility and privacy. The findings suggest that value diversification in Japan has begun to reshape ideals of care, yet behavioral and institutional change remain limited. These patterns also suggest that normative differences in child-rearing are intertwined with perceived parenting burdens and role-based expectations, pointing to implications for parental wellbeing under existing institutional constraints. Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) may help alleviate parenting burdens and privacy challenges, offering pathways toward more inclusive, flexible forms of family support. Achieving such change requires balancing technological innovation with enduring cultural norms-leveraging modern tools to sustain and enrich family relationships in Japan and East Asia.