Brain Cortex Activity in Children With Anterior Open Bite, Speech and Swallowing Disorders

Anterior open bite (AOB) affects 16.5% of children aged 2-16 years, significantly impacting dental occlusion and oral function. Among various contributing factors, improper tongue posture has been implicated. This study aims to assess neuronal cortical activation differences in children with AOB compared to those without, focusing on rest, speech and swallowing disorders.

To compare the prevalence of articulation disorders, swallowing occurrences, tongue rate of motion ratio, and brain activation patterns at rest and during deglutition and phonation in children with and without AOB.

This case-control study involved 33 children aged 8 to 11 years, divided into two groups: 16 with AOB and 17 without. Clinical assessments for AOB, articulation testing, evaluation of swallowing frequency, and Quantitative Electroencephalography (QEEG) for brain activity analysis were conducted. Statistical comparisons were made using T-student tests and Mann-Whitney tests where appropriate.

Children with AOB displayed a significantly higher incidence of articulation disorders (p = 0.03) and greater swallowing occurrences (mean 2.3 vs. 1.5, p = 0.02) compared to the No AOB group. QEEG results revealed higher Theta/Beta ratios (p<0.05) in the central sulcus area at rest and significantly lower Beta frequency during swallowing and phonation in the AOB group.

The study reveals significant differences in articulation, swallowing frequency, and brain activation patterns related to AOB, highlighting its detrimental impact on neurophysiological functions. These findings underscore the necessity for transdisciplinary collaboration between dentistry and speech pathology to address the complex repercussions of AOB in children.

What is already known on this subject Anterior open bite (AOB) has been identified as a malocclusion associated with various developmental issues, including speech and swallowing disorders in children. A prior pilot study has suggested altered activity of the brain cortex during rest. However, a structured diagnosis of articulation disorders and swallowing and its relationship with brain activity has not been performed before. What this study adds to existing knowledge This investigation provides new insights into the neurophysiological differences between children with AOB and those without, particularly concerning articulation disorders and swallowing occurrences. The findings reveal that children with AOB exhibit not only a higher prevalence of speech articulatory disorders, but also distinct brain activation patterns during rest and functional tasks, particularly involving the central sulcus. This study advances the understanding of the interplay between dental occlusions and neural processes, suggesting a need for integrated approaches in managing paediatric AOB. What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this study? The results underscore the importance of transdisciplinary collaborations between dental and speech therapy professionals when addressing AOB in children to achieve comprehensive management. By recognizing the neurophysiological implications of AOB on speech and swallowing, clinicians can tailor interventions more effectively, potentially improving outcomes in children affected by this malocclusion. Additionally, the assessment of brain activity may prompt further exploration of underlying cognitive concerns, enabling early identification and intervention for related disorders.