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Rethinking escapism and escape: A cognitive perspective on the C-DOG model
Agnieszka Strojny1, Patrycja Kiszka2, Paweł Strojny1
11Institute of Applied Psychology, Faculty of Management and Social Communication, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland.
Journal of Behavioral Addictions
|March 23, 2026
Summary
Distinguishing between escapism and escape in gaming requires looking beyond intentions. The outcome of whether a player can disengage after gaming is a more reliable indicator, especially for those with Gaming Disorder.
Area of Science:
- Psychology
- Behavioral Science
- Digital Media Studies
Background:
- The C-DOG model offers a framework for understanding escapism and escape in gaming.
- Existing conceptualizations face definitional ambiguities, particularly concerning player intentions.
Purpose of the Study:
- To address unresolved definitional ambiguities between escapism and escape.
- To propose a more reliable criterion for distinguishing these constructs, particularly for individuals with Gaming Disorder (GD).
Main Methods:
- Conceptual analysis building on Giardina et al.'s work.
- Application of goal systems theory and research on maladaptive gaming beliefs.
- Critique of reliance on pre-game intentions due to cognitive biases and self-deception.
Main Results:
- Pre-game intentions are insufficient for distinguishing escapism from escape.
- Post-game outcomes (successful disengagement vs. persistent difficulty) provide a more robust criterion.
- Gaming Disorder (GD) complicates intention-based distinctions due to potential self-deception.
Conclusions:
- Escapism and escape are better understood as goal-driven processes.
- Experiential avoidance and motivational rigidity influence the ability to disengage from gaming.
- Reframing these constructs based on outcomes offers a clearer understanding of problematic gaming behaviors.
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