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Related Concept Videos

Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna01:15

Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna

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The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side...
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius01:09

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The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
The radius has a nail-shaped head, and a...
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

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The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
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Muscles that Move the Forearm01:16

Muscles that Move the Forearm

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The muscles that move the forearms can be divided into four groups: forearm flexors, forearm extensors, forearm pronators, and forearm supinators. The flexors and extensors act on the elbow joint, while the pronators and supinators act on the radioulnar joints.
Forearm Flexors
The biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis are forearm flexors. The biceps brachii is made up of two heads. Its long head originates at the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula, whereas that of the short head is...
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Ankle Joint01:10

Ankle Joint

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The ankle is formed by the talocrural joint (crural = leg). It consists of the articulations between the talus bone of the foot and the distal ends of the tibia and fibula of the leg. The superior aspect of the talus bone is square-shaped and has three areas of articulation. The top of the talus articulates with the inferior tibia. This is the portion of the ankle joint that carries the body weight between the leg and foot. The sides of the talus are firmly held in position by the articulations...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 24, 2026

Modified Long Head of Biceps Tendon Rerouting and Fixation as Partial Capsular Reconstruction for Massive Irreparable Rotator Cuff Tears
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Modified Long Head of Biceps Tendon Rerouting and Fixation as Partial Capsular Reconstruction for Massive Irreparable Rotator Cuff Tears

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Elbow Varus posteromedial rotatory instability: Reflections from a multidimensional perspective.

Shengkun Han1, Pingyi Dong1, Jingrui Zhao1

  • 1The First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan City, China.

Science Progress
|March 23, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Varus posteromedial rotatory instability (VPMRI) is a complex elbow injury often missed on initial imaging. This review enhances recognition and understanding of VPMRI for better diagnosis and treatment.

Keywords:
Varus posteromedial rotatory instabilityanteromedial coronoid fracturecomplex elbow instabilityligament injurysurgical treatment

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Sports Medicine
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Varus posteromedial rotatory instability (VPMRI) is a challenging elbow injury.
  • It involves anteromedial coronoid fracture (AMCF) and lateral collateral ligament complex (LCL) injury.
  • VPMRI is difficult to diagnose due to low incidence and subtle radiographic findings.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To enhance recognition and suspicion of VPMRI.
  • To investigate VPMRI's injury mechanisms, treatment strategies, and surgical approaches.
  • To provide a reference for precise diagnosis and treatment of VPMRI.

Main Methods:

  • This narrative review analyzes VPMRI from multiple perspectives.
  • It includes retrospective analysis.
  • Imaging examples and schematic diagrams are provided.

Main Results:

  • VPMRI presents with specific clinical manifestations but often lacks obvious joint space widening on radiography.
  • Misdiagnosis can lead to complications like arthritis, heterotopic ossification, and joint stiffness.
  • Current treatment plans for VPMRI remain controversial.

Conclusions:

  • Accurate diagnosis and effective treatment of VPMRI are crucial.
  • Further investigation into VPMRI mechanisms and treatments is essential.
  • This review aims to aid in the precise diagnosis and management of VPMRI.