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Reliability in Focus: Trust, Agency, Ownership, and Gaze Behavior in a VR Prosthesis Simulator.

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    Prosthetic control reliability, including delays and malfunctions, significantly impacts user trust and acceptance. Virtual reality simulations reveal how these factors affect user psychology and visuomotor behavior.

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    Area of Science:

    • Prosthetics and Robotics
    • Human-Computer Interaction
    • Virtual Reality

    Background:

    • Psychological factors like ownership, agency, and trust are vital for prosthetic device acceptance.
    • The link between prosthetic control reliability and these psychological factors is not well understood.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate how induced delays and artificial malfunctions affect psychological factors during prosthesis simulator use.
    • To measure subjective and visuomotor responses using advanced simulation and tracking technologies.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized a virtual reality environment with a physics-accurate simulation (Unity, MuJoCo) for a Pasta Box Task.
    • Employed surface electromyography (sEMG) for myocontrol and integrated eye tracking to capture responses.
    • Assessed 30 non-disabled participants across conditions of control delay and artificial malfunction, using questionnaires and gaze metrics.

    Main Results:

    • Both control delay and artificial malfunctions significantly decreased psychometric scores (ownership, agency, trust).
    • Artificial malfunctions had a greater overall impact, while delays particularly reduced agency.
    • Malfunctions altered gaze strategies and increased prosthesis fixation, indicating compensatory behavior; delays affected eye-arrival latency and fixation count.

    Conclusions:

    • Immersive, physics-accurate virtual reality is valuable for evaluating myocontrol and prosthesis behavior early in development.
    • Psychometric and visuomotor indicators captured in VR are relevant for user-centered prosthetic design.
    • Understanding the impact of control reliability is crucial for enhancing prosthetic acceptance and effectiveness.