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Optimizing online teaching effectiveness in elementary education: Exploring multifaceted pathways based fsQCA

¹Department of Education, Fuzhou University of International Studies and Trade, Fuzhou, China.

|March 23, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Online teaching effectiveness for elementary teachers improved with acceptance and Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK). These factors are key to enhancing online instruction quality.

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Area of Science:

Education
Educational Technology
Online Learning

Background:

The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the need for effective online teaching strategies.
Sustaining educator interest in online instruction is crucial for educational continuity.
Elementary school teachers' online teaching efficacy requires in-depth investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

To analyze the complex causal relationships influencing elementary school teachers' online teaching efficacy.
To identify key factors contributing to successful online instruction in elementary education.
To explore the interplay between teacher, student, and technological elements in online learning environments.

Main Methods:

Utilized fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) to examine causal configurations.
Administered a comprehensive questionnaire to 171 elementary school teachers.
Assessed six dimensions: online teaching acceptability, TPACK, student autonomy, teacher-student interaction, course design, and technological support.

Main Results:

Multiple configurations were found to enhance online teaching effectiveness.
Teachers' acceptance of online teaching emerged as a central causal condition.
Teachers' Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) was identified as a pivotal factor.

Conclusions:

Teacher acceptance and TPACK are critical for improving online teaching effectiveness.
A combination of factors, not a single element, drives successful online instruction.
Understanding these complex relationships can inform professional development and support for online educators.