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Para-cycling Classification in the Bicycle and Tricycle Divisions: A Delphi Study
Johanna Liljedahl1,2, Anton Arndt1,3, Carla Nooijen1
1Department of Physiology, Nutrition, and Biomechanics, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences (GIH), Stockholm, Sweden.
American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation
|March 23, 2026
Summary
Para-cycling classification needs updates for evidence-based standards. Experts agreed on revising impairment criteria, strength assessments, and separating athletes with different mobility impairments for fairer competition.
Area of Science:
- Sports Science
- Para-sport Classification
- Disability Sport
Background:
- The International Paralympic Committee mandates evidence-based classification in all Paralympic sports.
- Current para-cycling classification requires investigation to meet these standards.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate expert consensus on issues within the current para-cycling classification system.
- To identify future research priorities for para-cycling classification.
Main Methods:
- An international expert panel (n=51) participated in three rounds of online questionnaires.
- The panel included para-cyclists, coaches, classifiers, researchers, and other para-cycling stakeholders.
- Responses from each round informed the subsequent questionnaire development.
Main Results:
- Consensus reached on adjusting muscle strength assessments (76%).
- Agreement on redefining minimum impairment criteria for lower (97%) and upper (76%) body impairments.
- Strong support for separating athletes based on leg amputation (81%) and impairment type (musculoskeletal vs. coordination, 77%).
Conclusions:
- Expert consensus provides clear directions for revising the para-cycling classification system.
- Future research should prioritize leg muscle strength, upper-body impairments, and the bicycling/tricycling division cut-offs.
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