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Conformable Wearable Electrodes: From Fabrication to Electrophysiological Assessment
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NeuroTex: Functionalized Hybrid Polymer-Metal Textile for Soft, Robust, and Dry Auricular Neural Interfaces.

Chang Liu1, Alessandro Ascani Orsini2, Pierce L Perkins1

  • 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, Maryland 21218, United States.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|March 23, 2026
PubMed
Summary

NeuroTex, a novel silver nanowire textile, offers a gel-free solution for wearable biosensing. This mechanically resilient and electrochemically stable interface enables reliable physiological monitoring, even during sleep.

Keywords:
Dry EEG electrodePEDOT:PSSSleep monitoringSoft ElectronicsTextile sensorWearablesear-EEGieEEG

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Bioelectronics
  • Wearable Technology

Background:

  • Wearable bioelectronics require dry, easy-to-apply electrodes for physiological signal sensing.
  • Metallic textiles offer conductivity but face challenges with hydrophobicity, oxidation, and gel dependency for low impedance.
  • Achieving stable electrode-skin interface under various conditions is crucial for reliable biosignal acquisition.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce NeuroTex, a PEDOT:PSS-functionalized silver nanowire textile, as an improved electrode-skin-electronics interface.
  • To evaluate the electrochemical, mechanical, and skin-interfacing properties of NeuroTex.
  • To demonstrate the efficacy of NeuroTex in multimodal wearable biosensing applications.

Main Methods:

  • Functionalization of silver nanowire textile with PEDOT:PSS coating.
  • Electrochemical characterization including resistance and contact impedance measurements.
  • Mechanical stress testing (torsion, stretching, bending, fatigue).
  • Integration into an in-ear monitoring platform for biosignal recording.
  • Comparison with gel-based electrodes for electroencephalography signal acquisition.

Main Results:

  • PEDOT:PSS coating reduced textile resistance by ~50% and contact impedance by >85%.
  • NeuroTex demonstrated suppressed silver oxidation and maintained electronic connectivity under mechanical stress.
  • Enhanced conformal skin interfacing due to soft and hydrophilic coating properties.
  • Successful multimodal biosignal recordings including in-ear electroencephalography (ieEEG), electro-oculography (ieEOG), electromyography (ieEMG), and electrocardiography (ieECG).
  • ieEEG recordings showed alpha-modulation responses comparable to gel-based electrodes and stable performance during prolonged sleep monitoring.

Conclusions:

  • NeuroTex provides a gel-free, mechanically robust, and electrochemically stable interface for wearable physiological monitoring.
  • The functionalized textile overcomes limitations of traditional metallic electrodes.
  • NeuroTex shows significant potential for advanced wearable bioelectronic applications, including sleep pattern analysis.