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Related Concept Videos

Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
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The Parathyroid Glands00:59

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The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
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Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis01:21

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Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.
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Bone Remodeling01:40

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Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
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Major Hormones and Their Functions01:27

Major Hormones and Their Functions

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Hormones, the biochemical messengers produced by endocrine glands, are pivotal in regulating bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. Each hormone's balance is crucial; imbalances can lead to significant physiological disruptions. Major hormones include oxytocin, cortisol, epinephrine, estrogen, testosterone, thyroxine, growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon.
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Peripheral Artery Disease I: Introduction01:30

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Peripheral artery disease (PAD) predominantly results from atherosclerosis, which involves the accumulation of fatty deposits, or plaques, within the walls of arteries. This causes them to narrow and harden, significantly reducing blood flow. PAD predominantly affects the legs, particularly the arteries supplying the thighs and calves. In rare cases, it may involve other arteries, including those in the arms.Etiology of PAD:The principal cause of PAD is atherosclerosis, which results from fatty...
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Updated: Mar 25, 2026

Generation of Hypoparathyroid Rats via Carbon-Nanoparticle-Assisted Parathyroidectomy
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Truly elevated PTH or Ulysses syndrome?

Sandhya Ramakrishna1, Uma Visser2, Marie Salib3

  • 1New South Wales Health Pathology, Department of Chemical Pathology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.

Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism Case Reports
|March 23, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

False parathyroid hormone (PTH) elevations due to assay interference can lead to unnecessary investigations. Recognizing macromolecular complexes is key to preventing misdiagnosis and patient harm.

Area of Science:

  • Clinical Biochemistry
  • Endocrinology
  • Laboratory Medicine

Background:

  • Hypophosphatemia in an 11-year-old girl prompted investigation for hyperparathyroidism.
Keywords:
assay interferenceelevated parathyroid hormonemacro-PTH

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  • Elevated serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) was observed alongside normal calcium, phosphate, and vitamin D levels.
  • Initial imaging suggested hyperparathyroidism, but specialist review raised doubts.