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Modern competency-based teaching of human sexual development.

Elisabeth Eppler1, Alessandro Bilella1,2, Christian M Hammer2

  • 1Research Group Didactic Morphology, Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.

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|March 24, 2026
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Modern embryology education needs to integrate diverse sexual development. This article suggests competencies and clinical classifications for teaching human sexual development, promoting inclusivity and accuracy in anatomy.

Keywords:
DSD‐classificationdiversityembryologyexternal genitaliagonadsmedical educationsexual differentiationvariants of sexual development

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Education
  • Embryology
  • Anatomy

Background:

  • Embryology is crucial for medical education, especially the complex development of sexual and urinary tracts.
  • Current embryology teaching needs better integration of the diversity in sexual development.
  • Understanding homologous development and sex-specific differentiation is key for medical students.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose competencies for understanding homologies and sex-specific differentiation in sexual development.
  • To integrate modern aspects of sexual development, including clinical classifications of variations, into embryology education.
  • To provide practical recommendations for medical educators on teaching urogenital tract embryology.

Main Methods:

  • Discursive article reviewing current embryology education.
  • Suggesting competencies based on the PROFILES framework for Swiss medical curricula.
  • Showcasing modern clinical classifications and terminology for differences of sexual development.

Main Results:

  • Identified key competencies for understanding sexual development, focusing on homologies and differentiation.
  • Highlighted the need to incorporate current clinical classifications of differences in sexual development.
  • Offered practical recommendations for enhancing embryology teaching.

Conclusions:

  • Integrating developmental homologies, differentiation, and clinical relevance improves anatomy teaching.
  • Modern embryology education should embrace the diversity of sexual development for accuracy and inclusivity.
  • Updated teaching methods can better prepare medical students for clinical practice regarding sexual development.