Molar-Incisor Hypomineralisation in Children: The Essential Role of Paediatricians

Molar-incisor hypomineralisation is a developmental enamel defect characterised by lower mineral content in the tooth's outer layer, discoloured and structurally fragile teeth that are more prone to sensitivity, breakdown and caries. This review aims to summarise current knowledge on molar-incisor hypomineralisation and highlight key clinical considerations relevant to paediatricians.

A comprehensive narrative review of the literature was performed to describe the condition's epidemiology, aetiological hypotheses, clinical features, diagnostic challenges and implications for early recognition in paediatric practice.

Findings show that this pathology affects up to one in five children worldwide, with causes likely multifactorial and involving prenatal, perinatal and environmental factors. Clinically, molar-incisor hypomineralisation may be presented as demarcated opacities, colour alterations or post-eruptive enamel loss. Paediatricians, who are often the first clinicians to observe affected children, play a crucial role in identifying early signs and ensuring timely referral to a paediatric dentist.

Increasing paediatricians' awareness of molar-incisor hypomineralisation is essential to promote early diagnosis, prevent complications and encourage interdisciplinary collaboration that improves children's oral health and quality of life.