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Related Concept Videos

Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination02:55

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Humans are very diverse and although we share many similarities, we also have many differences. The social groups we belong to help form our identities (Tajfel, 1974). These differences may be difficult for some people to reconcile, which may lead to prejudice toward people who are different. Prejudice is a negative attitude and feeling toward an individual based solely on one’s membership in a particular social group (Allport, 1954; Brown, 2010). Prejudice is common against people who...
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Social identity constitutes a significant aspect of an individual’s self-concept, shaped by membership in various social groups, including gender, nationality, ethnicity, sexual orientation, and political affiliation. Individuals associate specific traits with particular social groups, leading to internalization of these traits. For example, musicians are often perceived as creative, while women are frequently associated with nurturing tendencies. Once individuals identify with a...
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Culture plays a crucial role in shaping self-identity and influencing thought and behavior, a foundational interest within social psychology. The multicultural perspective recognizes that individuals do not exist in a vacuum; instead, their experiences, perceptions, and actions are deeply influenced by the intersecting dimensions of their cultural, ethnic, and social group affiliations.Cultural Influence on Self-Identity and Social PerceptionCultural frameworks inform how individuals define...
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People all belong to a gender, race, age, and social economic group. These groups provide a powerful source of our identity and self-esteem (Tajfel & Turner, 1979) and serve as our in-groups. An in-group is a group that we identify with or see ourselves as belonging to.
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Related Experiment Video

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Understanding stigma consciousness: A multilevel analysis across diverse stigmatized groups.

Joelle-Cathrin Flöther1, Juliane Degner1

  • 1Department of Psychology, University Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.

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|March 24, 2026
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Stigma consciousness, the expectation of being stigmatized, is mainly an individual trait. It is shaped by personal experiences like discrimination and group identification, not just group membership.

Keywords:
discrimination experiencesgroup statusstigma consciousnessstigmatizationstigmatized groups

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Area of Science:

  • Social Psychology
  • Sociology
  • Psychological Science

Background:

  • Individuals within stigmatized groups exhibit varied responses to their group status.
  • Stigma consciousness, defined as the expectation of stigmatization due to group membership, is a key factor in these differences.
  • Limited research exists on the predictors of stigma consciousness variance at individual and group levels.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically investigate individual, stigma, and group-level variables influencing stigma consciousness.
  • To understand the primary sources of variation in stigma consciousness.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized multilevel regression modeling.
  • Analyzed data from 3,969 members across 18 distinct stigmatized groups.

Main Results:

  • Stigma consciousness primarily varies at the individual level, with less variation between groups.
  • Key predictors of stigma consciousness include personal experiences of discrimination, ingroup identification, and ideological beliefs.
  • Individual-level factors significantly shape stigma consciousness.

Conclusions:

  • Refines the conceptualization of stigma consciousness as an individual psychological characteristic.
  • Emphasizes the role of individual perceptions and experiences over group membership in shaping stigma consciousness.
  • Suggests future research on additional individual-level predictors and outcomes of stigma consciousness.