WormTagDB: a systematic survey of endogenously tagged proteins in Caenorhabditis elegans and roadmap toward the...

Endogenous protein tagging in Caenorhabditis elegans enables the direct visualization and manipulation of proteins in vivo, providing native readouts of expression, localization, and dynamics. No coordinated effort currently exists to comprehensively tag proteins on a large scale, resulting in patchy coverage that limits proteome-wide analyses. We systematically reviewed 2,500 primary research articles, identifying 778 that report novel endogenous tags, and integrated these with the Caenorhabditis Genetics Center strain records to catalog >90% of all existing tagged alleles. In total, we found that 1,554 unique genes (∼8% of the proteome) have been endogenously tagged. Gene Ontology enrichment analysis revealed that cytoskeletal proteins, transcription factors, and RNA-binding proteins dominate the tagged proteome, while membrane proteins, metabolic enzymes, and mitochondrial components remain largely untagged, reflecting both technical barriers and research priorities that have shaped the last decade of tagging efforts. We created WormTagDB (https://wormtagdb.rc.duke.edu), an interactive, community-updatable resource that consolidates all known endogenously tagged alleles and provides precomputed CRISPR guide and homology-arm primer designs for N- and C-terminal knock-ins across all protein-coding genes. This will enable researchers to easily identify existing alleles to prevent redundant strain generation and rapidly initiate new knock-in experiments. A systematic effort to tag every C. elegans gene would deliver a complete metazoan visual proteome, providing comprehensive insights into protein localization, dynamics, and regulation, revealing new protein associations and molecular processes.