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Area of Science:

  • Nutritional Immunology
  • Virology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Trace elements (zinc, selenium, iron, copper, manganese) are critical for immune function and managing viral infections.
  • Imbalances in these micronutrients can paradoxically enhance viral replication and exacerbate disease pathology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the multifaceted roles of trace elements in modulating host defense against viral pathogens.
  • To explore the impact of trace elements on antioxidant defense, viral replication, and cytokine signaling in the context of viral diseases.

Main Methods:

  • A narrative review of scientific literature.
  • Searches conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases.
  • Focus on studies published from 2020 onwards.

Main Results:

  • Trace elements influence antioxidant capacity, viral replication rates, and cytokine production.
  • Deficiencies or excesses of specific minerals correlate with altered disease severity and immune responses in infections like HIV, viral hepatitis, and coronaviruses.
  • The potential for trace element supplementation as a therapeutic strategy is explored, with emphasis on maintaining optimal balance.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding the complex interplay between trace elements and viral infections is key for developing effective prevention and treatment strategies.
  • Further research is needed to establish optimal trace element levels for various health and disease states.
  • Proper micronutrient balance is essential for mitigating viral disease progression and improving clinical outcomes.