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Related Concept Videos

Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

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Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
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Mechanisms of Membrane Domain Formation00:59

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Different physical properties of lipids and proteins allow them to localize and form distinct islands or domains in the membrane. Some membrane domains are formed due to protein-protein interactions, whereas others are formed due to the presence of specific lipids such as sphingolipids and sterols—for example, large proteins, such as bacteriorhodopsin, aggregate and create distinct domains.
Another mechanism for membrane domain formation involves membrane proteins interacting with...
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Mechanisms of Membrane-bending01:15

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The living membranes are flexible due to their fluid mosaic nature; however, their bending into different shapes is an active process regulated by specific lipids and proteins. The membrane bending can be transient as seen in vesicles or stable for a long time as in microvilli. Cells regulate the size, location, and duration of the membrane curvature.
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Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization01:25

Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization

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Crystallization is a phase transformation process in which crystals are precipitated from a supersaturated solution or formed from other sources. During crystallization, atoms or molecules arrange themselves into a well-defined, rigid crystal lattice to minimize energy.
Initiating crystallization involves manipulating the concentration of the solute and the temperature of the solution. Since crystal growth occurs when the ratio of concentration and solubility of the solute in the solvent...
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Cleavage and Blastulation01:33

Cleavage and Blastulation

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After a large-single-celled zygote is produced via fertilization, the process of cleavage occurs while zygotes travel through the uterine tube. Cleavage is a mitotic cell division that does not result in growth. With each round of successive cell division, daughter cells get increasingly smaller.
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Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes02:58

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes

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Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 27, 2026

Harvesting and Cryo-cooling Crystals of Membrane Proteins Grown in Lipidic Mesophases for Structure Determination by Macromolecular Crystallography
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Harvesting and Cryo-cooling Crystals of Membrane Proteins Grown in Lipidic Mesophases for Structure Determination by Macromolecular Crystallography

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Spatial Relations between Coccoliths and Their Confining Membrane During Crystal Morphogenesis.

Emanuel M Avrahami1, Dmitry Karpov2,3, Lior Aram1

  • 1Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|March 24, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Microalgae form intricate coccoliths within vesicles. The vesicle membrane

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Last Updated: Mar 27, 2026

Harvesting and Cryo-cooling Crystals of Membrane Proteins Grown in Lipidic Mesophases for Structure Determination by Macromolecular Crystallography
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Crystallizing Membrane Proteins for Structure Determination using Lipidic Mesophases
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Area of Science:

  • Biomineralization
  • Marine Biology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Coccoliths are complex calcite structures produced by microalgae.
  • Coccolith morphogenesis is thought to be regulated by the vesicle membrane.
  • Understanding the native-state organization within the cell is crucial for elucidating membrane's role.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the vesicular environment during coccolith formation in *Calcidiscus leptoporus*.
  • To identify structural aspects of the vesicle membrane involved in morphogenesis.
  • To understand how the membrane regulates crystal growth and cessation.

Main Methods:

  • Advanced cryo-electron microscopy.
  • X-ray fluorescence tomography.
  • Analysis of the native-state organization within the cell.

Main Results:

  • Two distinct crystal surface types (flat and curved) were observed during coccolith development.
  • These surfaces differed in roughness and membrane confinement.
  • Distinct "bands" of intimate crystal-membrane contact were identified, separating crystal surfaces.
  • These bands suggest subcompartmentalization within the coccolith vesicle.

Conclusions:

  • The coccolith vesicle membrane creates subcompartments that regulate crystal growth.
  • Distinct "bands" of crystal-membrane contact act as boundaries for growth regulation.
  • The vesicle membrane maintains distinct nanometer-scale chemical environments for functional regulation.