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Establishment of Rat Models Mimicking Gender-affirming Hormone Therapies
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Transgender people and occupational diving: a new challenge for diving physicians?
Pieter-Jan Am van Ooij1,2,3, Annemarije R Bek1, Robert A van Hulst4
1Diving Medical Centre, Royal Netherlands Navy, Den Helder, the Netherlands.
Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine
|March 24, 2026
Summary
Transgender individuals undergoing gender-affirming care may have specific health considerations for occupational diving. Adhering to existing fitness-to-dive guidelines can help manage these risks for safe participation.
Area of Science:
- Occupational Medicine
- Diving Medicine
- Endocrinology
Background:
- Transgender identity differs from sex assigned at birth; prevalence is increasing.
- Gender-affirming therapies (hormones, surgery) are common transition methods.
- Occupational diving presents unique physiological challenges and risks.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review long-term health effects in transgender individuals.
- To assess the influence of these health effects on occupational diving safety.
- To inform potential guidelines for transgender individuals in occupational diving.
Main Methods:
- Systematic review methodology.
- Inclusion of 43 systematic reviews and/or meta-analyses.
- Assessment of health risks relevant to diving environments.
Main Results:
- Transgender individuals may face additional health risks impacting occupational diving.
- These risks are manageable with appropriate medical oversight.
- Existing fitness-to-dive protocols are adaptable.
Conclusions:
- Transgender individuals can participate in occupational diving.
- Regular adherence to established occupational fitness-to-dive guidelines is crucial.
- Further specific guidelines may be beneficial but are not immediately essential for safety.
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