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There have been five major extinction events throughout geological history, resulting in the elimination of biodiversity, followed by a rebound of species that adapted to the new conditions. In the current geological epoch, the Holocene, there is a sixth extinction event in progress. This mass extinction has been attributed to human activities and is thus provisionally called the Anthropocene. In 2019 the human population reached 7.7 billion people and is projected to comprise 10 billion by...
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Small population sizes put a species at extreme risk of extinction due to a lack of variation, and a consequent decrease in adaptability. This weakens the chances of survival under pressures such as climate change, competition from other species, or new diseases. Large populations are more likely to survive pressures such as these, as such populations are more likely to harbor individuals that have genetic variants that are adaptive under new stresses. Small populations are much less...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 27, 2026

The Resident-intruder Paradigm: A Standardized Test for Aggression, Violence and Social Stress
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Human-wildlife conflict.

Kaitlyn M Gaynor1, Jennifer R Green2

  • 1Departments of Zoology and Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.

Current Biology : CB
|March 24, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Human-wildlife conflict is rising as human populations expand, threatening both people and animals. Mitigating this conflict is crucial for biodiversity conservation and sustainable ecosystems.

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Area of Science:

  • Conservation Biology
  • Ecology
  • Sustainability Science

Background:

  • Human activities are increasing the spatial overlap between people and wildlife globally.
  • This overlap frequently leads to opposition between human needs and wildlife survival, resulting in negative interactions.
  • Human-wildlife conflict poses significant threats to human well-being and is a major driver of wildlife population declines, especially for large carnivores.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the escalating issue of human-wildlife conflict.
  • To underscore the ecological and socio-economic consequences of this conflict.
  • To emphasize the urgency of understanding and mitigating human-wildlife conflict for conservation and sustainability.

Main Methods:

  • This study is a review and synthesis of existing research on human-wildlife conflict.
  • It analyzes the drivers, impacts, and implications of human-wildlife interactions.
  • The focus is on understanding the broad ecological and societal ramifications.

Main Results:

  • Human-wildlife conflict is a growing global challenge with severe consequences.
  • Conflict is a primary factor contributing to the decline of wildlife populations worldwide.
  • The loss of species due to conflict can destabilize ecosystems and affect ecosystem services.

Conclusions:

  • Addressing human-wildlife conflict is an urgent conservation priority.
  • Effective mitigation strategies are needed to balance human needs and wildlife persistence.
  • Resolving human-wildlife conflict is essential for maintaining biodiversity and ecosystem integrity.