A cost-sensitive multiclass machine learning framework for postoperative neurosurgical triage (Neuro-TACTIC)

Postoperative placement of patients into a regular ward, an intermediate-care unit (IMC), or an intensive care unit (ICU) is critical for balancing patient safety against resource constraints. Most existing models collapse this decision into a binary ICU versus non-ICU choice and lack a mechanism to tune risk thresholds to local staffing ratios or definitions of ICU-level events. We developed Neuro-TACTIC, a cost-sensitive machine learning framework that stratifies postoperative neurosurgical patients into three monitoring levels: regular ward, intermediate care unit, and intensive care unit. An XGBoost-based classifier was trained on 27 demographic, intraoperative, and imaging-derived features from a retrospective cohort of 1072 patients undergoing elective craniotomy. A tunable parameter ζ integrates resource-related and harm-related costs to adjust the balance between over- and under-triage. Generalization was assessed in an independent cohort. Across repeated cross-validation and bootstrap analyses, the framework demonstrated stable behavior across cost settings. At the operating point ζ = 0.975, performance was AUCμ = 0.67 ± 0.03 and weighted F1 = 0.49 ± 0.03 in the development cohort, and AUCμ = 0.60 ± 0.04 and weighted F1 = 0.44 ± 0.06 in the independent evaluation cohort (n = 81). Feature importance analyses identified operative duration, tumor volume, surgical position, body mass index, and patient age as the most influential predictors. This study demonstrates the feasibility of cost-sensitive, three-tier postoperative triage modeling in neurosurgical patients. Neuro-TACTIC is a methodological proof-of-concept; prospective validation and multicenter evaluation are required before clinical deployment.