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Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer02:48

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

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Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions. 
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Ionic Bonds00:42

Ionic Bonds

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Overview
When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.
Opposing Charges Hold Ions Together in Ionic Compounds
Ionic bonds are reversible electrostatic interactions between ions...
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Covalently-Bonded Interfaces Stabilizing Radially-Oriented P/Ti3C2 Microspheres for High-Performance Lithium-Ion

Huibin Guan1,2, Li Zeng1, Ziqin Wu1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymer Materials, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.

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Red phosphorus (P) anodes for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) show promise but suffer from poor conductivity and volume changes. A new Ti3C2 microsphere composite electrode (P80/MS-Ti3C2) with covalent P-O-Ti bonds enhances stability and performance.

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3D anodesP‐based anodeselectrostatic sprayinglithium‐ion batteriesstructure design

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Energy Storage

Background:

  • Red phosphorus (P) is a promising anode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to its high theoretical specific capacity and environmental friendliness.
  • However, P-based anodes face challenges including poor electronic conductivity, significant volume fluctuations during cycling, leading to sluggish kinetics and reduced reversibility.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel composite anode material that overcomes the limitations of red phosphorus for high-performance LIBs.
  • To engineer a stable and conductive structure that enhances the electrochemical performance and cycling stability of red phosphorus anodes.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of a 3D P-bonded radially-oriented Ti3C2 microsphere composite electrode (P80/MS-Ti3C2) using electrostatic spraying.
  • Characterization of the composite structure, focusing on the encapsulation of P nanoparticles within the Ti3C2 matrix and the formation of Ti-O-P covalent bonds.
  • Electrochemical testing to evaluate specific capacity, rate capability, and cycling stability.

Main Results:

  • The P80/MS-Ti3C2 electrode demonstrated excellent electronic conductivity and ion transport pathways due to the radially-oriented Ti3C2 matrix.
  • The formation of Ti-O-P covalent bonds effectively alleviated volume expansion and prevented exfoliation of red phosphorus during cycling.
  • Achieved high reversible specific capacities of 1269.5 mAh g⁻¹ at 500 mA g⁻¹ after 700 cycles and 1064.3 mAh g⁻¹ at 1 A g⁻¹ after 1000 cycles, even with a high P loading of 36.7%.

Conclusions:

  • The developed P80/MS-Ti3C2 composite electrode offers an effective strategy for structural and interfacial engineering of red phosphorus anodes.
  • This approach significantly enhances the electrochemical performance and cycling stability of LIBs, demonstrating great potential for practical applications.