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Related Concept Videos

Gut-Brain Axis01:22

Gut-Brain Axis

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The gut–brain axis is a bidirectional communication system that connects the gastrointestinal tract and the brain. This interaction is mediated through multiple pathways, including the vagus nerve, hormonal signals, immune responses, and chemical messengers produced by gut microbes.Microbial Contributions to Brain FunctionGut microbiota contributes significantly to brain function by producing neuroactive compounds. These include neuroactive compounds that influence neurotransmitters such...
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Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia01:16

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Intravenous regional anesthesia or the Bier block technique is used to anesthetize a specific limb or extremity. It uses exsanguinated or blood-drained vessels to transport local anesthetics or LAs to the peripheral nerve trunks. Lidocaine without vasoconstrictors like epinephrine is most commonly used for this technique. Other drugs used are prilocaine, ropivacaine, and chloroprocaine. Bupivacaine is not recommended for this technique due to its high cardiac toxicity.
One of the advantages of...
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General Anesthesia: Overview01:24

General Anesthesia: Overview

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Anesthesia is a medical procedure that uses drugs for CNS suppression to enable painless surgeries and procedures. The selection of anesthetics is influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and patient characteristics. Various types of anesthesia include general, local, regional, spinal, and inhalational.
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Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia01:11

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Spinal anesthetics are given during lower abdomen and limb surgeries to block sensory and motor neurons. They are administered in the mid to low lumbar regions, primarily acting on the cauda equina's nerve roots. The blockade level depends on the local anesthetic (LA) concentration. Usually, low LA concentrations are sufficient to block sensory fibers, while only high LA concentrations block motor fibers. Other factors like injection volume and speed, the patient's posture, and the drug...
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Neural Regulation01:37

Neural Regulation

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Digestion begins with a cephalic phase that prepares the digestive system to receive food. When our brain processes visual or olfactory information about food, it triggers impulses in the cranial nerves innervating the salivary glands and stomach to prepare for food.
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Local Anesthetics: Adverse Effects01:12

Local Anesthetics: Adverse Effects

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While local anesthetics are generally safe and well-tolerated, they can occasionally cause adverse effects that vary in severity. Local anesthetics can induce toxicity at two distinct levels. They can either produce local effects through direct contact with the neural elements or be absorbed into the bloodstream from the injection site, leading to systemic effects.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 27, 2026

3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache
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Reconceptualizing regional anesthesia as a systemic modulator: a hypothesis-driven gut-brain axis perspective.

Man Li1, Ya-Ting Li2, Zhi-Jun Qin1

  • 1Department of Anesthesiology, Sichuan Province Orthopedic Hospital, Chengdu, China.

Frontiers in Neuroscience
|March 25, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Regional anesthesia offers more than local pain relief, influencing the gut-brain axis. This systemic effect impacts perioperative stress and inflammation, suggesting broader therapeutic potential.

Keywords:
gut-brain axisneuroimmune modulationperioperativeregional anesthesiatranslational medicine

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Area of Science:

  • Anesthesiology
  • Neuroscience
  • Gastroenterology

Background:

  • Regional anesthesia was traditionally viewed as a localized pain management technique.
  • Emerging evidence suggests regional anesthesia may exert systemic effects via the gut-brain axis.
  • The gut-brain axis is vital for regulating stress, inflammation, and physiological balance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine how regional anesthesia influences the gut-brain axis.
  • To explore the pathways involved in this modulation.
  • To discuss implications for perioperative recovery and chronic disease management.

Main Methods:

  • Review of preclinical and clinical evidence.
  • Analysis of interconnected pathways: neural, immune, endocrine, and microbiota.
  • Perspective article synthesizing current knowledge.

Main Results:

  • Regional anesthesia impacts the gut-brain axis through neural, immune, and endocrine modulation.
  • It can indirectly alter gut microbiota composition and function.
  • These effects suggest a systemic role for regional anesthesia.

Conclusions:

  • Regional anesthesia should be reconceptualized as a systemic modulator.
  • Potential applications exist in enhancing perioperative recovery.
  • Further interdisciplinary and mechanism-focused research is needed for a holistic perioperative model.