Nanotechnology-Based Treatment for Ophthalmic Diseases

Eye diseases are a major global public health issue causing vision impairment and blindness. The eye's physiological barriers limit traditional drug delivery methods, resulting in low bioavailability, high risks, and poor patient compliance. Nanotechnology offers a revolutionary solution that can enhance the abilities of drugs in corneal retention, barrier penetration, targeted delivery and controlled release to improve efficacy and reduce side effects.This paper reviews the latest advances in nanotechnology for treating ophthalmic diseases. It covers primary nanocarrier systems (lipid, polymeric, carbon-based, and metallic/metallic compound nanoparticles), detailing their characteristics and ocular application potential. It also focuses on specific applications: nanomedicine for anterior segment disorders (cataracts, dry eye, inflammatory conditions) and posterior segment diseases (age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, retinal vein occlusion), breakthroughs in delivering anti-VEGF drugs, and innovative applications in treating refractory ocular tumors. Additionally, it explores nanotechnology's prospects in ocular tissue regeneration and retinal gene therapy. Finally, the paper discusses challenges in clinical translation, including standardization, biosafety evaluation, and regulatory approval, and offers an outlook for future development.