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The Tumor Microenvironment

The Tumor Microenvironment

Every normal cell or tissue is embedded in a complex local environment called stroma, consisting of different cell types, a basal membrane, and blood vessels. As normal cells mutate and develop into cancer cells, their local environment also changes to allow cancer progression. The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of a complex cellular matrix of stromal cells and the developing tumor. The cross-talk between cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells is critical to disrupt normal tissue...

The Tumor Microenvironment

The Tumor Microenvironment

mTOR Signaling and Cancer Progression

mTOR Signaling and Cancer Progression

The mammalian target of rapamycin or mTOR protein was discovered in 1994 due to its direct interaction with rapamycin. The protein gets its name from a yeast homolog called TOR. The mTOR protein complex in mammalian cells plays a major role in balancing anabolic processes such as the synthesis of proteins, lipids, and nucleotides and catabolic processes, such as autophagy in response to environmental cues, such as availability of nutrients and growth factors.
The mTOR pathway or the...

mTOR Signaling and Cancer Progression

mTOR Signaling and Cancer Progression

MAPK Signaling Cascades

MAPK Signaling Cascades

Mitogen-activated protein kinase, or MAPK pathway, activates three sequential kinases to regulate cellular responses such as proliferation, differentiation, survival, and apoptosis. The canonical MAPK pathway starts with a mitogen or growth factor binding to an RTK. The activated RTKs stimulate Ras, which recruits Raf or MAP3 Kinase (MAPKKK), the first kinase of the MAPK signaling cascade. Raf further phosphorylates and activates MEK or MAP2 Kinases (MAPKK), which in turn phosphorylates MAP...

Interactions Between Signaling Pathways

Interactions Between Signaling Pathways

Signaling cascades usually lack linearity. Multiple pathways interact and regulate one another, allowing cells to integrate and respond to diverse environmental stimuli.
Convergence and divergence, and cross-talk between signaling pathways
Two distinct signaling pathways can converge on a single functional unit, which may either be a single protein or a complex of proteins. The response is either functionally distinct or synergistic between the two pathways but different from the response...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 27, 2026

A Novel Stromal Fibroblast-Modulated 3D Tumor Spheroid Model for Studying Tumor-Stroma Interaction and Drug Discovery

A Novel Stromal Fibroblast-Modulated 3D Tumor Spheroid Model for Studying Tumor-Stroma Interaction and Drug Discovery

Published on: February 28, 2020

Collagen-mediated pro-tumorigenic MAPK activation drives stromal-immune reprogramming in solid cancers.

Junli Ding^1,2, Hongxin Lin^3,4,5, Hanfang Fan^1,2

¹Departments of Oncology, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China.

Frontiers in Immunology

|March 25, 2026

Summary

Intratumoral collagen deposition correlates with poor outcomes in gastric cancer by promoting angiogenesis and immunosuppression via MAPK signaling. This highlights collagen

Keywords:

M2 macrophage MAPK collagen deposition microvessel density pan-cancer

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Preparation of 3D Collagen Gels and Microchannels for the Study of 3D Interactions In Vivo

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Last Updated: Mar 27, 2026

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Heteromulticellular Stromal Cells in Scaffold-free 3D Cultures of Epithelial Cancer Cells to Drive Invasion

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Preparation of 3D Collagen Gels and Microchannels for the Study of 3D Interactions In Vivo

Preparation of 3D Collagen Gels and Microchannels for the Study of 3D Interactions In Vivo

Published on: May 9, 2016

Area of Science:

Oncology
Cancer Biology
Tumor Microenvironment Research

Background:

Intratumoral collagen deposition is a key feature of solid tumors.
Collagen influences the tumor microenvironment (TME) and cancer progression.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the clinical and molecular impact of collagen deposition.
To understand collagen's role in modulating TME components and signaling pathways.

Main Methods:

Analysis of transcriptomic data from public and in-house samples.
Validation through in vitro and in vivo assays.
Correlation analysis between collagen levels and TME features.

Main Results:

High collagen deposition linked to poor outcomes and advanced stages in gastric cancer.
Collagen positively correlated with vascular endothelial cells and M2 macrophages, indicating roles in angiogenesis and immunosuppression.
Collagen activates the MAPK pathway, enhancing tumor invasion, angiogenesis, and M2 macrophage polarization.

Conclusions:

Intratumoral collagen deposition drives gastric cancer progression via MAPK signaling.
Collagen serves as a prognostic indicator and potential therapeutic target.
Findings offer insights into TME remodeling and tumor progression in solid tumors.