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Relationships Between Pilots' Startle and Surprise Responses and Information-Processing Performance During Simulated

Jiayu Chen1,2, Annemarie Landman1,3, Alexis Derumigny1

  • 1Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands.

Human Factors
|March 25, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pilots

Keywords:
aviationcognitionincapacitationstressworking memory

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Area of Science:

  • Aviation Psychology
  • Human Factors Engineering
  • Cognitive Neuroscience

Background:

  • Startle and surprise are distinct psychological responses to unexpected events.
  • Startle may impair pilot performance via stress-induced cognitive interference.
  • Surprise may impair performance through sensemaking cognitive demands.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the differential effects of startle and surprise on pilot information-processing performance.
  • To test the hypothesis that both startle and surprise negatively impact cognitive task performance.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a motion-based hexapod simulator with a twin-propeller aircraft model.
  • 26 pilots performed 8 simulated flight scenarios eliciting startle and surprise.
  • Analyzed self-reported startle/surprise and secondary auditory task performance using linear mixed-effects models.

Main Results:

  • Higher startle responses were significantly associated with reduced information-processing speed.
  • No significant association was found between surprise responses and information-processing performance.

Conclusions:

  • Startle responses appear to have a more significant disruptive effect on pilot information-processing than surprise.
  • Highlights the need for interventions to improve pilot resilience to startle responses.