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Related Concept Videos

Preparation and Reactions of Sulfides02:26

Preparation and Reactions of Sulfides

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Sulfides are the sulfur analog of ethers, just as thiols are the sulfur analog of alcohol. Like ethers, sulfides also consist of two hydrocarbon groups bonded to the central sulfur atom. Depending upon the type of groups present, sulfides can be symmetrical or asymmetrical. Symmetrical sulfides can be prepared via an SN2 reaction between 2 equivalents of an alkyl halide and one equivalent of sodium sulfide.
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Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones01:17

Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones

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In the presence of oxidizing agents, phenols are oxidized to quinones. Quinones can be easily reduced back to phenols using mild reducing agents. The electron-donating hydroxyl group enhances the reactivity of the aromatic ring, enabling oxidation of the ring even in the absence of an α hydrogen.
o-hydroxy phenols are oxidized to o-quinones and p-hydroxy phenols to p-quinones. Such redox reactions involve the transfer of two electrons and two protons. The reversible redox...
5.2K
Preparation and Reactions of Thiols02:33

Preparation and Reactions of Thiols

7.9K
Thiols are prepared using the hydrosulfide anion as a nucleophile in a nucleophilic substitution reaction with alkyl halides. For instance, bromobutane reacts with sodium hydrosulfide to give butanethiol.
7.9K
Formation of Complex Ions03:45

Formation of Complex Ions

26.7K
A type of Lewis acid-base chemistry involves the formation of a complex ion (or a coordination complex) comprising a central atom, typically a transition metal cation, surrounded by ions or molecules called ligands. These ligands can be neutral molecules like H2O or NH3, or ions such as CN− or OH−. Often, the ligands act as Lewis bases, donating a pair of electrons to the central atom. These types of Lewis acid-base reactions are examples of a broad subdiscipline called coordination...
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Voltaic/Galvanic Cells02:47

Voltaic/Galvanic Cells

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Spontaneous Chemical Reactions
Spontaneous redox reactions occur abundantly in nature. The chemical reaction occurring in a disposable AA battery powering our remote controls is one such example of a spontaneous redox reaction. Another example is the immersion of coiled copper wire into an aqueous silver nitrate solution. The reaction shows a gradual, visually impressive color change from colorless to bright blue and the formation of a grey precipitate on the copper wire. In this experiment,...
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Redox Titration: Other Oxidizing and Reducing Agents01:26

Redox Titration: Other Oxidizing and Reducing Agents

1.7K
Besides iodine, other oxidizing or reducing agents can serve as titrants in redox titrations. Common oxidizing titrants include KMnO4, cerium(IV), and K2Cr2O7. The choice of oxidizing titrants depends on factors like stability, cost, analyte strength, and reaction rate between the analyte and titrant. KMnO4 is a strong oxidizing titrant that reduces from Mn(VII) to Mn(II) in a highly acidic solution, simultaneously oxidizing the analyte to a higher oxidation state. In this case, KMnO4 acts as a...
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A High-Stability Quinone-Based Homogeneous Catalyst Auxiliary Disulfide Bond Decomposition Enabling High-Efficiency

Xinyu Guo1, Mingjun Nan1,2, Wanyao Sun1

  • 1Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|March 25, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Quinone-based catalysts significantly improve sulfur-based flow batteries (SFBs) by enhancing polysulfide activity. This breakthrough reduces overpotential and boosts capacity, paving the way for efficient large-scale energy storage.

Keywords:
DHBQenergy storagehomogeneous molecule catalystslong cycle lifepolysulfide-ferrocyanide flow battery

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Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Energy Storage

Background:

  • Sulfur-based flow batteries (SFBs) are promising for large-scale energy storage due to low cost and sulfur abundance.
  • Key challenges include sluggish polysulfide redox kinetics, leading to high overpotentials and low efficiency.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce novel quinone-based homogeneous molecular catalysts to enhance SFB performance.
  • To address the bottlenecks of sluggish redox kinetics and improve electrochemical activity in SFBs.

Main Methods:

  • Incorporation of 2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone (DHBQ) as a homogeneous molecular catalyst in SFBs.
  • Electrochemical characterization to evaluate overpotential, capacity, and cycling stability.
  • Demonstration of a polysulfide-ferrocyanide flow battery with the catalyst.

Main Results:

  • The DHBQ catalyst reduced overpotential from 409 mV to 280 mV at 20 mA cm-2.
  • Battery capacity increased over threefold to 10.8 Ah L-1.
  • A polysulfide-ferrocyanide flow battery achieved 200 cycles with 100% capacity retention at 40 mA cm-2.

Conclusions:

  • Quinone-based homogeneous catalysts effectively enhance polysulfide electrochemical activity in SFBs.
  • These catalysts offer a promising strategy to overcome SFB limitations for practical large-scale energy storage.
  • The study highlights a viable approach for improving efficiency and durability in long-duration energy storage systems.